Capillary Refills

Capillary refill is used for patient’s assessment. This method has been performed since the early days of nursing. Some studies show that the method is not full proof or accurate of the patient status. While other research claims validity to this test. Capillary refill is performed on the patient nail that is free of polish. The finger nails and toe nails could be used for this assessment. The nail is lightly compressed and released, it blanches and it is measured when the color comes back to normal.The measurement is done in seconds if it is less than 3 seconds the patient’s circulation is with in normal limits, if it exceeds three seconds than further assessment is necessary to diagnose the problem (Nursing). The patient could be suffering from dehydration, peripheral vascular disease, hypothermia and shock Capillary refill is primarily used in assessment of pediatrics patient. When combining the lack of capillary refill the dry mucous membrane it could lead to diagno se of dehydration.It is in concurrence with skin assessment to the hand that appears cold to touch; the infant is diagnosed with dehydration. In conjunction with infant when an adult is tested and results are abnormal further inquires is mandated. Anorexics individuals who lack the ingestion of electrolyte feel cold to touch. They may have brittle nails, poor circulation and longer than normal capillary refills.These individuals’ electrolyte counts need to be closely monitored because it could lead to poor circulation, dysrhythmias and many other medical problems ( Dufault). It is important when assessing the patient to include the capillary refills, and closely monitor patient who seem abnormal. References: http://nursing411. org/courses/md0531 . Extracted 10/31/12. Dufault M. , Davis, B. , Garman D. , Hehl R. , Henry J. , Lavin M. , Mullany J. , Stout P. (2008). Translating Best Practice in Assessing Capillary Refill. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing.

Liberty University Chhi 302 History of the Christian Church Essay

Soon it became strong and dominate. It is easy to see that the influence of Contemporary Christianity comes from the roots in Roman Catholicism. Contemporary Christian missionary work from America to Central India began in 1872 when Rev. Clark, along with some fellow Christians that had learned a village language, began to preach the gospel. Today that work shows for 2. 3 percent of the population claiming Christianity as a religion. India, to its credit, in the early 1900’s, took the lead in promoting Christian Unity. India holds the largest number of poor, and the 4th largest number of millionaires. This makes India the country with the greatest disparity between the rich and the poor. Many Christian Missionaries take this as an open door to help build hospitals and orphan homes. According to the Christian mission company WorldVenture, India has 266 million children that suffer from some form of oppression, be it abuse, trafficking, abandonment, or slavery. Contemporary Christianity sees the need in India and uses that need to reach the people that are rapped, sometimes quite literally, in the religion of their government and bring them to Jesus through that. One of the biggest opposition to Christianity would be that of the religion of Islam. The Muslim movements are strong and sweeping throughout the entirety of the Middle East. Their message is not one of love and mercy, but of dominance and fear. To one caught in the middle, the safer choice would be to side with that of Islam. This presents a problem to Contemporary Christianity as missionaries and local Christians try to reach their neighbors for the cause of Christ. Hinduism is ubiquitous, and is still obviously the predominant faith,† Woodburne says. He also states that, â€Å"religious toleration which hitherto has been a pretty theory, posited alike by Hindu philosophy and the Christian government, is becoming more and more an accomplished fact. † This should give Contemporary Christianity hope in the mission of the conversion of India. As the country evolves, so does the understanding and sympathy of most of the people. India has always been a country proud of her spirituality. Returning to Woodburne on the topic, he states also that â€Å"Hindus are increasingly discontented to allow the study and ritual practice of religion to be confined to the priestly class, for religion is the common property of all. † The reality of the Indian culture becoming fused with the teachings of Jesus at its source is another major obstacle. It could be argued easily that the reason Hindus are not converting to Contemporary Christianity is because the teachings of Jesus – the foundation of Christianity – has teachings rooted deeply in the Hindu religion. As the Hindu teaching becomes more permeated by the teaching of Jesus, the need for separation between the two becomes blurred. This country hold’s the world’s largest democracy by far. This presents a problem in the form of Anti-Conversional laws. These laws in place in India’s government not only place limits on Contemporary Christianity, but they encourage the violent attacks on Christians, especially clergy. The most intense form of oppression on Contemporary Christianity in India would be that of the Caste System. â€Å"India’s notorious Caste System has been abolished by law, yet such traditions die hard. Being that most Christians in the country of India fall into the â€Å"Dalits† classification, this presents a massive problem in reaching upwards. Because Dalits are the lowest of society, they receive the most oppression. By default, Christian Dalits are seen as even lower than Dalits in general. According to Marshall, the 2001 Indian Gove rnment Census severely underestimated the Christian population by limiting the religions Dalits were allowed to claim. The Indian Government also limits educational and job opportunities for Christian Dalits. The Oppression in Modern India on Contemporary Christianity is not a new concept, however. Christianity is a religion that has been persecuted since the death of its foundation – Jesus Christ. Perhaps the most important piece in this puzzle is known to all as Gandhi, or Mahatma, meaning â€Å"great soul. † â€Å"Mr. Ghandi professes to find his greatest inspiration from a study of the teachings of Jesus, which teaching he tries to put into effect literally. He does not call himself a Christian, but rebukes the Christians with the charge of failing to observe the teachings of their own Master. † India is a vast and empty nation when it comes to the subject of Contemporary Christianity. Yohannan, an Indian missionary to his own people says if his time on the mission field, â€Å"the northern Indian state is known as the graveyard of missions. We were driven out of the cities and stoned for preaching the gospel. † The Christian situation in India is dangerous, and yet still it grows. In conclusion, it can be summed up that while the oppression of Contemporary Christianity has tried to stomp out the flame, it still burns and grows. It is easy to look at the numbers of growing oppression, yet it is most important to look at the numbers of the growth in Contemporary Christianity. Despite all efforts to decrease it, the number slowly, but steadily rises. As Paul says to the church of Corinth in 1 Corinthians 15:58, â€Å"Therefore, my dear brothers and sisters, stand firm. Let nothing move you. Always give yourselves fully to the work of the Lord, because you know that your labor in the Lord is not in vain. † The labor of Contemporary Christianity in India is not in vain. BIBLIOGRAPHY Eaton, Richard Maxwell. Religious Conversion in Modern India. Journal of World History. Vol 8 No 2. 1997. Pp 243-271. University of Hawaii Press Gonzales, Justo. The Story of Christianity. HarperCollins. 2010. Marshall, P. Gilbert, L. Shea, N. Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians. Thomas Nelson. 2013. Schermerhorn, W. D. Syncretism in the Early Christian Period and in Present-Day India. The Journal of Religion. Vol 4 No 5. 1924. The University of Chicago Press. Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1195557 . Woodburne, Angus Stewart. The Present Religious Situation in India. The Journal of Religion. Vol 3, No 4. 1923. Pp 387-397. The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1195078 . WorldVenture. India/Asia. http://www. worldventure. com/India (retrieved May 5,2013) Yohannan, K. P. Revolution in World Missions. Gfa books. 1986.

Advantages and disadvantages of the literal rule Essay

The advantages of the literal rule is that it respects the sovereignty of parliament and prevents unelected judges from making law. Viscount Simmonds argued that it was not open to judges to fill in gaps, as Lord Denning wanted, or otherwise alter statutes. If a gap was enclosed then ‘theremedy lies in an Amending Act’ The literal rule also encourages certainty and because there is less room for interpretation, there is likely to be less litigiation. People know where they stand because the wording will not change. This also makes the law predictable. And lawyers are able to advise their clients on the likely outcome. Another advantage is that its leads to quicker decisions because the answer/outcome can be found just by using a dictionary this means it takes less time to find out the outcome of a case. A disadvantage of the literal rul would be it can lead to absurd decisions that clearly was not wanted by parliament when the Act was made an example would be Berriman v London railway co – when the wife of a railway maintence worker couldn’t claim for compensation for his death, who died because he didn’t have a lookout when he should have, this was because her husband was only maintaining and not ‘replacing’ or ‘relaying’ the tracks. Parliament would have intend for the wife to claim. But due to the literal rule she could not. Its not always possible to word or pharse an Act to cover every situations e.g. its against the law to steal but the literal rule means it didn’t cover stealing your own property. Therefore some circumstances that parilment intended wont be covered. Another disadvantage would be that the literal rule assumes that the parilmenty draftsmen would always do their jobs perfectly every single time, ovbiously this isnt possible as in human nature mistakes are made. For example the law commission in the 1969 report said â€Å"you cannot put emphasis on the literal meaning of words, is to assume an unattainable perfection in draftsmanship†

Corporate Social Responsibility of China Telecom Dissertation

Corporate Social Responsibility of China Telecom - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that has become a corporate custom. The CSR has been defined as the inclusion of social and environmental concerns into business actions on a voluntary basis. The main purpose of CSR practices is to mitigate the concerns of various internal and external stakeholders and shareholders. The stakeholders have been defined as those who have stakes or interests in companies’ actions and processes. The internal stakeholders include employees. Normally, employees always prefer that their stakes such as rise in salaries, bonuses and fringe benefits must not be violated and they should be appropriately satisfied. The external stakeholders include regulatory authorities, suppliers, financial institutions, local communities, customers, competitors and physical and geographical environment. The regulatory authorities want that the companies must always be transparent and they should comply with the relevant regulat ory requirements. In addition to that, the regulatory authorities expect that the companies should remain responsible corporate citizens. The suppliers expect that the companies must not delay or violate contract terms and they should always process timely payments so that they also become in a position to sustain business relationship with them. The financial institutions want that the companies to pay their outstanding debt and interest payments; the financial institutions always extend credit facility after financial evaluation of the financial statements of the companies.... plifment 50 Supporting Public Events 52 Spreading Healthy Information 52 Guaranteeing Emergency Communications 53 Caring for employees 55 Environment Protection Practices 58 Summary 64 Conclusion and Recommendations 66 References 70 Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a corporate custom. The CSR has been defined as the inclusion of social and environmental concerns into business actions on a voluntary basis. The main purpose of CSR practices is to mitigate the concerns of various internal and external stakeholders and shareholders. The stakeholders have been defined as those who have stakes or interests in companies’ actions and processes. The internal stakeholders include employees. Normally, employees always prefer that their stakes such as rise in salaries, bonuses and fringe benefits must not be violated and they should be appropriately satisfied. The external stakeholders include regulatory authorities, suppliers, financial institutions, local co mmunities, customers, competitors and physical and geographical environment. The regulatory authorities want that the companies must always be transparent and they should comply with the relevant regulatory requirements. In addition to that, the regulatory authorities expect that the companies should remain responsible corporate citizens. The suppliers expect that the companies must not delay or violate contract terms and they should always process timely payments so that they also become in a position to sustain business relationship with them. The financial institutions want that the companies to pay their outstanding debt and interest payments; the financial institutions always extend credit facility after financial evaluation of the financial statements of the companies. The local

Grover Cleveland's Illegitimate Child Scanal Essay

Grover Cleveland's Illegitimate Child Scanal - Essay Example Hunter was a film-making staffer in his office. A comparison between the handling of the Cleveland’s case and the latter two cases reveals the significant transformation of America from a classical society that attempted to suppress such scandals to an open one in which guilty perpetrators are willing to admit their past mistakes publicly and show a sense of responsibility. This paper explores the impacts Cleveland’s illegitimate child scandal and the public response to such cases. Challenges of fighting sex scandals The US is better off in terms of surviving such scandals among political leaders (Wiid, Pitt and Engstrom 138). This is partly because the women, particularly those whose husbands have been caught up in these lies, are living testimonies of the historical female abuse in marriage relationships. In light of the long-standing challenges facing women, most of them tend to see child scandals as normal. As such, the problem has become so widespread among the pol itical elite that surviving them is relatively easy; especially once the media has directed extensive media coverage to other important issues affecting the society (Feschuk 85). Chotiner (5) has pointed out that prominent politicians have been at the forefront of these scandals, people who command huge following and admiration from the public. In light of this, these scandals have been misconstrued to mean private life events that have very little, if any bearing on the quality of services that the public is entitled to. This lack of concern on the part of the American public not only shows hypocrisy, it has resulted in repeated cases of child scandals by key leaders in the country (Berinsky et al 177). The repetitiveness of such cases affecting elected leaders has earned them some level of acceptance within the public domain, since forcing such leaders out of office has not been as easy as handling the conduct of the bureaucracy within government circles. Part of the issues that h ave aggravated such scandals by making the American public have a less serious approach to weeding out the perpetrators from public service is the effectiveness of some of the individuals in discharging their mandate (Chotiner 6). Most Americans would rather have an honest, apologetic political leader whose name has been tarnished by a child scandal, with an exemplary performance record to remain in office for the rest of his or her term than spend more time and resources replacing him. America survived Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, partly on this reasoning (Greenberg 52). Barring guilty would-be leaders from office Despite the virtual failure to bring all pre-existing holders of political offices to book over sex and illegitimate child scandals, most of the guilty would-be leaders have been successfully barred from holding public office. Senator John Edwards was a potential candidate for the vice-President of the United States five years ago, but was forced to abandon the race (Wiid, P itt, and Engstrom 141).  The leader’s ‘love child’ affair dented his image and leadership qualities when he misled his wife, and the country about the issue. Former South Carolina governor Mark Sanford was forced to call it quits in 2011 over a similar scandal.  His vocations in Argentina, it later emerged, were a scandal in which he admitted to using public funds to entertain his mistress. However, he has

Insider threart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insider threart - Essay Example Insider threat has been classified to include fraud, espionage, theft of intellectual property and IT sabotage. These normally cost an organization a heavy loss and most of them barely ever recover. There are several actions that an organization can take in order to prevent its vulnerability to internal threats. First, the organization can take the initiative to educate the employees and make them fully aware of what comprises an insider threat. Employees need to understand that they also need to work in the best interest of the organization and report any suspicious or malicious activity that may be taking place in the organization (Finan, 2013). Secondly, the management can implement strict password and management policies and practices to ensure the security of the organization by limiting employee’s access to any confidential information. In addition, the organization should have a secure recovery and backup processes in place in order to ensure they can easily handle the threat without letting it get out of hand. In conclusion, no company should imagine that they are completely safe from insider threat. It is important that they take the essential steps which are applicable to their organization in order to ensure some form of security. Most companies find it hard to recover because most insider threats are skilled professionals and the companies are rarely ever prepared for it (Finan, 2013). Finan, E. (2013). A Preliminary Examination of Insider Threat Programs in the U.S Private Sector. Intelligence and National Security Alliance. Retrieved From :

The Management and the Competitors of Sainsbury's Company Term Paper

The Management and the Competitors of Sainsbury's Company - Term Paper Example According to surveys, Sainsbury’s is one of the largely respected brands in the whole of Britain. Two young people- Mary Ann Staples and John James Sainsbury started the company in 1869. Their business was an instant success and more and more branches were added to their repertoire. Their business was based on the model of offering quality products at low prices. The company led much importance on the quality of products and organized thorough training of their staffs. In 1971, the company changed its name by eliminating the initial J and subsequently in 1973, it became a public company. Increase in competition led the company to open up diversified stores consisting of grocery items and other retail products. Sainsbury’s has cemented its position as a market leader by acquiring other chain stores and entering into newer markets like USA and Scotland. The introduction of self-label products also helped to increase the profitability of the corporation (J Sainsbury plc, n .d.). Sainsbury’s have succeeded in maintaining its position when all other family-owned businesses have fallen through with its dedicated management and innovative techniques. This augurs well for the prospect of the company. Sainsbury’s have entered the field of retail banking as well.   Sainsbury’s have chartered into international markets from its base in Britain. Therefore, it faces competition from different companies in the countries they operate. In the supermarket category in the UK, it faces tough competition from Tesco, Asda, and Safeway. Sainsbury’s operate in the US by holding the Shaw’s retail chain. It operates in New England in the US and the main competitors there are Ahold’s stop & shop and Hanford’s stop & save.

Mini-Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini-Analysis - Research Paper Example This is because as college men, it is important that students will be offered every available opportunity to engage in learning (Vianden, 2009). By exploring the college men’s perceptions about interacting with faculty beyond the classroom, it is becomes possible to understand ways in which this form of learning oriented interaction can be improved. It is therefore important that the questions are well diversified to identify key factors that hinder out-of-class interaction because until such factors are known, it will be difficult to try to improve interaction outside the classroom. The qualitative methodology used in the study was basic interpretive qualitative study. According to the researcher in the study, â€Å"such a design is utilized when researchers are interested in exploring and understanding participants’ perspectives and perceptions† (p. 227). Meanwhile, the researcher’s approach was to undertake a qualitative research. The rationale for selecting basic interpretive qualitative study can be said to be directly linked with the definition given to qualitative research by Diriwà ¤chter & Valsiner (2006). This is because qualitative method was noted to be suitable when a researcher seeks to develop deeper understanding about a given topic and understand how people make meaning of experiences related to the topic. As part of the basic interpretive qualitative study, the researcher used in-depth interview as the major approach to data collection. This approach was helpful in ensuring that the researcher could collect very detailed qualitative opinions and ideas of respondents concerning the topic at hand. Having said this, the researcher could still have used a focus group method to gain even more data than was gathered. Specifically, focus group would have made it possible to collect behavioral data that would have been very important for understanding the issue and for decision making purposes (Seidman, 2013). The writing presented in the

Management Classes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Classes - Assignment Example This essay discusses that psychology teaches the importance of understanding the behaviors of others in order to interact well with them. This is important in team work as is mentioned in the interviews. Working in a team requires learning the personalities of others as well as try to integrate all these personalities into the team and ultimately attain success within the specified time.As the paper highlights one of the interviewees was very adamant about team work. She insisted that she worked only with a team if it was absolutely necessary which was not very often. This was quite the opposite of the perspective and life story of the other interviewee who admitted to liking working with a team and did it all the time. What was surprising about the statement was the fact that most people indicated that team work is very effective and reduces the burden of the workload for each individual. The fact that different people will bring in different perspectives as well as solutions to a p roblem makes team work really good in any business. Working independently according to the interviewee leads to the work being completed way ahead of schedule, taking less time and less stress in dealing with different people. Team work should only be taken as strategic points in a plan and not be engaged in at all times and especially by the administrators who hold the highest caliber in the office and who can also intimidate the rest of the team members.

Ladybug Cell Phones, Phase I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ladybug Cell Phones, Phase I - Essay Example Market opportunity analysis is also effective in determining the cost implication of whichever direction the company opts to adopt in its market strategies. Companies require help in determining whether they have necessary tools available to them to facilitate the provision of adequate services to their consumers. In essence, the analysis of market opportunity ensures that an organization finds out its most cost effective return on investment. This allows the organization to operate and participate in markets that provide the highest possible value of return on investment. This ultimately ensures short and long term business profitability and sustainability. The consumption of cell phones is continuing to grow exponentially within the senior citizens market both within the country, as well as across the globe. The market for cell phones across the globe continues to increase as the world shifts from the traditional to modern systems. This includes ways of performing functions such as communicating through letters to a new technologically advanced system of operation. Technological advancements continue to occur in the world pushing people to adopt the latest and trendiest ways of communicating and keeping in touch. Senior citizens have not been left behind in their need to maintain communication with their families and friends. Ladybug will particularly appeal to the senior citizens who seek easy ways of maintaining communication with their friends and families. It will also appeal to customers who seek cell phones that entail the least amount of technological difficulties. Notably, senior citizens prefer cell phones, which encompass as little hustle as possible, particularly with regard to the ease of use and cost implications. Evidently, senior citizens are not trend setters thus do not appreciate high product costs in light of noteworthy cell phone features. On the contrary,

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 12

Marketing - Essay Example But as I learnt more about the financial services organizations, I was able to figure out that the perception that I had regarding such institution was just a mere image. I was able to learn that financial institutions are not just limited to banks but include a variety of players in the market. Some of the most prominent financial services organizations that I was able to figure out includes banks (retail, corporate, investment and private); mutual funds and trusts; credit card issuers; stock exchanges; leasing companies and government and saving institutions. Thus it is one of the most important learning outcomes from this course. Communication in the Marketing of Financial Services Before study about the financial services marketing, I considered communication the least important aspect in financial services marketing. But with constant and continuous study I have made, it has made me realize that communication in the marketing of financial services is regarded as the backbone of financial services. As communication is the interchange of information between two parties, I was able to learn that financial institutions heavily rely on the use of marketing communication i.e. advertisement, public relations and direct mail. With the help of such communication, the financial services aim to attract and influence the consumers towards the use of financial services. Such study has also helped me to understand that communication not only helps the financial services to attract customers but it also helps the organization to change their perception in the minds of the consumer. Moreover, I was able to identify that financial services are intangible due to which these services are often complex and quite risky but with the help of marketing communication, financial organizations significantly reduce the risks associated with the services and helps the organization to de-complex the products and services offered by the organization. I was also able to identify that fin ancial organizations have shifted marketing communication to whole new level and media. Due to the increase in customer traffic on social websites (i.e. Facebook and Twitter) financial organization have shifted their focus from traditional media to such media where the customer traffic is ten times higher. Marketing Mix and Financial Services I was well aware of the 4P’s of marketing but the study of financial services marketing; I was able to extract the services mix that plays significant role in the success of financial services organizations. In addition to 4P’s (i.e. product, price, place and promotion) the services mix includes process, people and physical evidence which are the other 3Ps of service marketing mix. I was able to identify that marketing mix plays significant role in financial services and with the help of such mix, banks are able to accept deposits and lend money to the customers. But in order to effectively do that financial institutions are const antly in need to understand the desires of the customers through which their trust could be won. This is where financial institutions rely on services mix. With continuous learning of financial services marketing, I was able to figure out that product mix helps the financial institutions to differentiate them from others in the market. The products offered by such institutions are c

Law in the light Of Three cases Essay Example for Free

Law in the light Of Three cases Essay Framing his arguments on the conception of the â€Å"original understanding† as basis, Bork argues that this theory is the best and sole method which can be utilized in order to resolve and reconcile the perceived conflict that exists between what he calls as the â€Å"Madisonian† or â€Å"counter-majoritarian† dilemma. This problem primarily concerns the judiciary of creating law bereft of popular approval or consultation. The reconciliation between the two opposing poles according to Bork can be further resolved through the guidance not only of the basic functions of the branches of the government but, far more importantly, also of the Framer’s original understanding of the Constitution of the United States of America. Bork emphasizes that it is not essentially the role of the courts to legislate or create laws from where they are primarily positioned and that the court’s primary duty is to adjudicate. Moreover, he also argues that the courts should not only practice restraint in arriving at legal decisions over cases but that they should also make manifest of â€Å"neutral principles† quite apart from ad hoc pronouncements or subjective valuations or judgments which Bork sees as insufficient. In essence, the theory of originalism within the scopes of the constitutional interpretation by the U. S. is a conjuncture or a family of theories that reinforces the perception that the Constitution has an unchanging, hence fixed, and comprehensible meaning right at its establishment or the time of its ratification. It is also a theory of law that is formalist in nature and is closely related with the theory of textualism. The theory of originalism is currently popular among the political conservatives of the United States political system that is directly intertwined with Robert Bork as well as Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia although there are also quite a number of liberals who support and make use of the arguments being put forward by the theory of originalism. For the most part, originalism is conceived as a family of theories whereby a set of interpretations, though separated by fine distinctions, are nevertheless held together by their theoretical and argumentative support for originalism. The theory of original intent suggests that originalism is the view that argues that the interpretation of a written constitution is held to be firmly aligned with the primary intentions of those who drafted and approved its legality. This interpretation based on original intent has so often been used to disapprove unpopular groups such as gays and blacks during the middle parts of the twentieth century from acquiring civil liberties. The reason to this is that the original intent of the authors or the â€Å"founders† of the constitution did not practically intend explicitly or implicitly either for gays or for blacks to be duly given with the same rights that white males enjoy. On the other hand, closely related to textualism is the notion of the â€Å"original meaning† which holds that the precise and rightful interpretation of the constitution should be entirely founded on what the ordinary meaning of the written texts in the constitution would have been during the year or the time when it was drafted and ratified. Although these interpretations of the theory of originalism may not necessarily come into full agreement on the use of the terms expressed in the constitution, they nevertheless share the same view that there is an authority that exists with the ratification of the constitution that should serve as the backbone in extracting the meaning of the constitution. The very distinctions correspond to the intentions of the authors, the plain meaning of the written texts in the constitution, and the comprehension of those who authored the constitution or those who ratified it. Paul Brest held contradicting arguments to those that are being proposed in the context of originalism. Brest maintains that the theory of originalism is itself unworkable for the reason that it is practically not feasible to identify and aggregate the intentions of the framers of the constitution whose numbers come in multitudes. He further maintains that the arguments being put forward by originalism is difficult to be pursued and be delegated to current issues that beset the legal system. Frederick Schauer, as a proponent of legal formalism, may very well suggest that the substance of laws is not an area of concern for the judges to delve into but is rather the function of the legislative body in a democratic government. The division between policy or normative considerations and legal reasoning, as put forward by formalism, highlights the issue revolving around the attempts of justices to determine the legal valuations of statutes. Planned Parenthood versus Casey  The constitutionality of a number of state regulations in Pennsylvania that correspond on the legal issued of abortion were put to legal test in the case of Planned Parenthood versus Casey. The Supreme Court of the United States’ lead plurality opinion maintained the right to acquire an abortion although contemporaneous to its decision is the lowering of the standards for the assessing limitations of such right which in turn nullified the validity of one regulation in favor of the upholding of the other regulations. The case in itself is divided between differing judgments among the justices and that none of the opinions of the Justices were merged or could have been merged by a majority among the justices. Moreover, the case has made clear the very substantial role of precedents in deciding the legality and outcome of the arguments in legal cases. The main precedent that has been used in the case is that of Roe v. Wade which initially recognized the right guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution to decide for and acquire an abortion as a form of liberty specifically maintained by the Fourteenth Amendment, specifically by the Due Process Clause. The course of the case posed the first challenge directed towards the court’s ruling in the case of Roe that further distinguished itself as a seminal issue in the history of the abortion rights in America. On the part of the Justices who comprised the panel that will decide the merit and outcome of the case, dissenting opinions were raised and held. Part of the arguments raised by the justices who concurred with Roe as precedent suggests that the arguments raised in the Roe case were legally substantial enough to uphold the constitutionality of the provisions set forth by the Constitution. That is, the Roe case as precedent addresses the contentions of the complainants in the manner in which prior court rulings are maintained and, hence, determine the legality of the case inasmuch as the contentions to the legal rights are provided and preserved. On the other hand, part of the panel of justices dissented on the substantiality of the constitutional provision by arguing that the Roe case, when used as a precedent in the case at hand, was incorrectly decided and, hence, cannot be considered in extracting the necessary legal remedy in the case of Planned Parenthood versus Casey. Rawls and the principle of fairness Central to John Rawls’ conception of justice is his treatment of the concept of justice as â€Å"fairness†. From this main precept, Rawls continues his argument by expounding on the circumstances that will give rise to these fair conditions. Before centering one’s attention on these circumstances, it must be noted that Rawls primarily makes use of the veil of ignorance in determining the principles of justice that the society will eventually adopt. These first principles of justice will then serve as the basis for the legal aspects of the society such as the creation of legislative proclamations, precedents, drafting and ratification of the constitution, legal sanctions expressed in these written codes of law among many others. At the onset of the determination of the principles of justice, Rawls suggests that the members of the society will convene in order to determine which principles are to be accepted as the first principles. The convention of the individuals is made on equal on grounds on several bases. First is that the individuals will be deprived of general knowledge on matters which will allow them to obtain a relative advantage over other people in the convention. This limiting of knowledge is met through the hypothetical veil of ignorance that serves as the â€Å"veil† which strains out specific knowledge among them. The specific types of knowledge Rawls refers to are those that revolve around the context of the age, race and social status among many others. The knowledge of these specific factors, Rawls claims, lead to an unfair advantage of some over the rest for the reason that it results to basic inequalities prior to the commencement of the convention of rational individuals. On the other hand, what must only be permitted are general knowledge such as the knowledge that the principles that the convention of individuals will eventually agree on will automatically subject these people to the scopes and limitations set forth in these principles and other sets of principles that can be derived from them. Eventually, the individuals in the convention will agree on the first principles of justice they are able to decide. Conversely, this is the crucial part whereby fairness is met. Fairness here is taken to mean that the first principles were derived under fair conditions to the individuals and that the principles, consequently, are fair as well. From this, it is claimed that the moral obligations that are to be extracted from the principles of justice are those that the individuals will not disagree on for reasons of injustice or unfairness. The reason behind this is that the veil of ignorance guarantees fair conditions in arriving at fair principles thereby ensuing that the individuals will not go against the provisions of the law derived from the first principles. John Simmons, on the other hand, maintains that there is apparently the non-existence of any strong moral duty towards the law of any given society or state. Moreover, Simmons argues that moral obedience towards the constitution or the law in general barely amounts to the premise that even in a just or orderly state only some natural duty and not all brings justification of compliance to the law. Further, Simmons analyzes and determines that Rawls’ conception of a natural duty of justice (all must build and maintain just institutional arrangements) as a justification for the natural duty to obey the law is inadequate to bring about a strong moral duty towards the law. The arguments of Rawls primarily fail for the reason that Rawls is unable in thoroughly explaining the reason behind why even just institutions in the domestic arena ought to acquire privileged moral authority over individuals in the state. Conversely, it should be noted that if indeed there is the existence of natural duty towards justice, then the question remains as to why this duty would have to arrive at the fences of every state or nation.

Designing A Online Book Shop System Information Technology Essay

Designing A Online Book Shop System Information Technology Essay Introduction The Best Book Shop order to provide online services to improve profit and extend their marketing, they invite us to design one online bookshop system. Internet shopping is a process to allow consumers to purchase goods or services directly from a seller in real time, without intermediary services on the Internet. If there is an intermediary service is called e-commerce. An online shop, eshop, e-store, internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or Virtual store evokes the physical simulation to purchase products or services in a brick and cement retailer or shopping mall. This process is known as business to consumer (B2C) online shopping. When companies buy other companies, is known as the Business to Business (B2B) online shopping. B2C and B2B both in the form of e-commerce online shopping. In order to design bookshop system, we will visit simple online bookshop for feasibily study. Create project planning to control work flow, design the program and related database system, we will provide installation guide and user guide as the same time. We will present our work with several documents, each document is dependent showing their individual information. There are feasibily report, project planning, program design, installation guide and user guide. Open those documents you can find what details we are working. Feasibility study Feasibility study is one important studying that to consider the project we go do or not. Feasibility study was to evaluate a proposal to determine the specific difficulties of the task. In general, the first feasibility studies and technology development projects. In other words, the feasibility study, evaluation or analysis of the potential impact of the proposed project. In case of our feasibility studying, first we will visit one popular online bookshop to get more information about this bookshop system, and then we use the information we collected to analysis the feasibility to implement new online bookshop. Amazon.com, Inc. is a US-based multinational e-commerce company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, which is the largest online retailer, has nearly three times the runner-up Internet sales, Staples Company, as of January 2010. Amazon.com, founded in 1994 and 1995 the company launched on the web. The company was originally called Cadabra company, but the name has changed, people found that people sometimes hear the name of body. Amazon.com also chose this name because the Amazon is the worlds largest river, so the name implies large size, but also in part because it a, so the letter will appear near the beginning of the list. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore but soon diversified, selling the DVD, CD, MP3 download, computer software, video games, electronics, clothing, furniture, food, toys and so on. Amazon has established separate websites in Canada, Britain, Germany, France, Japan and China. It also provides international shipping of some products in certain countries. 2009 survey found that Amazon is the UKs favorite music and video retailers, retailers and third overall. The company began as an online bookstore, and the largest brick and cement bookstores and mail order catalog of books may provide 20 million titles, one can provide more online bookstore. Bezos company named Amazon, the worlds largest river. Since 2000, Amazons identity is an arrow leading from A to Z, on behalf of customer satisfaction (because it forms a smile), one goal is to make each product in the alphabet. Amazon was founded in 1994, in Washington State. July 1995, the company began to sell its services, and the first book in amazon.com Douglas Hofstadters Fluid concepts and creative analogies: computer models of the basic mechanisms of Thinking. In 1996, it was reincorporated in Delaware. Amazon launched its IPO on May 15, 1997, trading companies Nasidake NYSE AMZN, in the initial public offering price of $ 18.00 per share, USD ($ 1.50 after stock split three in the late 90s). Amazons initial business plan was unusual: the company does not expect profit of 4 to 5 years. Its slow growth caused complaints from shareholders, the company has not reached profitability fast enough. When the Internet bubble burst, many e-companies went out of business, Amazon persevered and finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: 500 million, or 1 cent per share, on revenues over one billion U.S. dollars, but modest It is important to the profits of the business model can prove to be profitable. In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year, recognizing the companys successful promotion of online shopping. Amazons product line includes books, music CD, video and DVD, software, consumer electronics, kitchen supplies, tools, lawn and garden supplies, toys and games, baby supplies, clothing, Tiyuyongpin, food, jewelry, clocks and watches, health and personal care products, beauty products, musical instruments, clothing, industrial, scientific supplies and groceries. The company launched amazon.com auction, the auction Web service, in March 1999. However, it did not take the chip in the industry pioneer eBays large market share. amazon.com auction followed by the introduction of a fixed-price market operations, zShops, 1999 à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´ 9 months, and the now defunct Sothebys / Amazon Cooperation as amazon.com November. Amazon Auctions and zShops evolved into the market in 2001, launched a service to allow customers to sell used books, CD, DVD and other products with new projects. Today, the markets main rival Amazon, eBays Half.com service. August 2005, Amazon began selling its products in its own brand , flat cases, said the trademark application, the label will be used for textiles, kitchen utensils, household goods. In March 2007 the company expanded to cover more trademark applications for diverse list of goods and register a new design consisting of letters to form words Hiramatsu letter O and space gaps appear in the one oclock position.. Reported by the trademark grew to include items such as paint, carpet, wallpaper, hair accessories, clothing, footwear, headgear, cleaning products and jewelry. September 2008, Amazon filed under famous. United States Patent and Trademark Office has completed the review of the application, but Amazon has not yet received official registered name. Amazon MP3, its own online music store, launched in the United States September 25, 2007, sales of MP3 format, download no digital rights management. This is the first available online DRM free music of all four major record companies. The domain amazon.com attracts tourists, at least 615 million U.S. dollars, double the 2008 number of walmart.com. Amazon attracts approximately 65 million customers to its site each month in the United States. Amazon allows users to submit comments to the page of each product. Reviewers rate the products, must be in a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides an optional comment badge options that the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmed credit card account) or that Reviewer is a review by popularity. Amazon.com customer reviews are monitored obscene, but allow negative comments. Specter, the book on amazon.com, describes how when publishers and authors asked Bezos why the negative comments will be published amazon.com, defended his approach, claiming that amazon.com is taking a different way We hope to enable each book good, bad, ugly truth let loose (Sipeikete 132). Allegations have been made, Amazon has a negative evaluation of the selective deletion of related projects, despite the views of Scientology compliance with the guidelines. Book Search is a feature that allows customers to search for keywords in the text in many books directory. The function started with 120,000 titles (or 33 million pages of text) October 23, 2003. Currently about 25 million books in the program. Amazon has about 130 publishers and allows the user to perform these searches. In order to avoid copyright infringement, amazon.com does not return a machine-readable text book. Instead, it returns pages that match a picture to prohibit printing, and proposed to limit the number of pages in a single user can access. In addition, customers can purchase online access to some of the same book through the Amazon Upgrade program. About forty percent from sales of the Amazon Amazon associate and affiliate marketing so-called third-party sellers who sell their products in Amazon [citation needed]. Customers associate commission referred to the Amazon Amazon link placed on its Web site, the results of the sale if the referral. In Shijiefanwei, the Amazon has over 900,000 members in its affiliate program. Amazon reported over 1.3 million sellers sold products through Amazons Web site in 2007. Unlike eBay, Amazon sellers do not have to maintain separate payment accounts, payment processing of all the Amazon. Employees can directly access the catalog on its Web site using Amazon Amazon Web Services (AWS) of the XML service. A new subsidiary products, aStore, the association is embedded in a subset of Amazon products, or link to another site. June 2010, Amazon launched product recommendations seller (said to be internally referred to as Genesis Project) to provide more transparency, vendor-specific products recommended for sale to a third party Amazon seller. Product recommendations are based on customers browsing history. January 2010 survey found that third-party vendors Auctionbytes.com, Amazon fourth. amazon.com second profit. The lowest rating, but still above average, in the ease of use. Amazon seller that clearly defined rules, provides a steady stream of traffic list, with a focus on reducing part of the community. amazon.com came in second place in the sales recommendation category. Focus on amazon.com bookshop system, there has several important features that we need to know, first is clearly item catalog system, Amazon have many items are selling on their web site, such as books, digital devices, shoes, clothes, Toys, etc. although there are too much items on bookshop system, it is very clearly and easy to find, as the same time, Amazon provide a powerful item search engine for user to search their favorite products. It is one feature that Amazon to attract users visits them and purchase items. Another important point is shopping cart system and member system. Amazon provides are powerful member system that every customer need create one member account on Amazon.com for purchase items and transfer payment. Looking for Amazons member system, it must have enterprise level database server to support large size transfer and member record. Shopping cart is one system on Amazon that we need to pay attention to. When user browsing and shopping on Amazon.com, if they have some favor item they want to buy, they can put it into shopping cart. Finally, they may go to shopping cart page to check what they had bought, if user accept to buy all items, they may direct transfer payment. If users order has any change, they can remove any item from shopping cart, that will not to pay extra charge and the total amount will real time change. After studding Amazon.com, we are summary that online bookshop system is one good idea to develop. We are focus on marketing and technical. In recent years, online shopping has become popular, but it still caters to upper middle class. For online shopping, must be able to have access to a computer, bank accounts and debit cards. Shopping has evolved with the growth of technology. It is found that e-commerce in the diary, if we focus on the demographic characteristics of shoppers in the family, in general, the higher the education level, income, occupation of head of household, a more favorable perception of non-store shopping. An influential factor in consumer attitudes of non-store shopping is exposure to technology, because it has been demonstrated to increase the probability of exposure to technology development to increase the favorable attitude of the new shopping channel. Expanded the target audience online shopping men and women of the middle class. Initially, the main users of online shopping is young men, high income level and university education. This profile is changing. For example, the early years of the Internet in the United States there are very few women users, but to women in 2001 were 52.8% of the online population. Focus on technical of bookshop system, nowadays, hardware and software develop maturity for use to design powerful web programming and database system, we have a lot of choice to implement bookshop system, such as Windows server, Linux, Solaris, UNIX and AIX system for operating system. Database systems have MYSQL, MSSQL and Oracle. CGI Programming had PHP, Perl, C++ and Framework .Net. We are most likely to choice open source resources. They are Linux, Apache, MYSQL and PHP. The advantage of open source resources are low cost for develop. It is very suitable for us that we without too much develop capital. Context diagram of the online book shop system A context diagram is a data flow diagram, with only one massive central process that subsumes everything inside the scope of the system. It shows how the system will receive and send data flows to the external entities involved. The online book shop system including three functions: customer, Supplier, and The best book shop. Clients apply for membership and can buy book online. The member function is mainly for purchasing book online. When guest be a member of online book shop, they can purchase view the book detail and purchase it online though credit card. The supplier will provide books information to the best book shop, after that, their book will be a product of online book shop; they will return profit and book selling status. The best book shop mainly provides the online platform and maintain for it. Aim The aim of the research program is to develop an online book shop .The intention is to understanding of the modeling and installation of a data-driven system, information systems planning, project management, rapid application development and end-user systems development. Objectives To develop a user-friendly e-commerce website. To provide different books for customer to choose To develop a web interface for administrator access to update book store To provide information of book To setup the book price and purchase online Dataflow of customer The first step in the process of buying the product is to apply for membership. After registered, users data will store in database and only registered member can see book detail and purchase. Then, customer will choose their wish list and add in the cart, after that, the data will store in database. While client click go to payment, it will redirect to payment gateway to process it. Whatever the payment is success or not, the payment gateway will return. If payment success, book shop will prepare the delivery. Dataflow of supplier The online book shop will provide login and password to supplier. When supplier login into the system, they can update their book information and add some new book into the system. While submitted the data, the online book shop will approve or reject the product. If approved the product, the book will display on the book store. Dataflow of the best book shop The best book shop is the administrator of the website; they provide maintain and update product information. After administrator login into system, they will update the website data, approve the product provide from supplier or download sales report, purchase report else. A picture below show an Entity Life History for a member: The Figure shows the entity life history for a member. A member begins its life by a New member, and ends it by a Close. When a member join the membership and confirmed, it will start the member lift cycle ( purchase book the website). Introduction Kent (1978) explained that database is a model of some aspect of the reality of and organization. A data model allows us to treat a database as an abstract machine. In other words, we can concentrate on the principles of design divorced from an immediate concern with implementation. There have three database packages suitable for their website, relational database, object -oriented database and Object-relational database. The basic data structure of the relational model is the table, thus all relations (tables) in a relational database have to adhere to some basic rules to qualify as relations. An object- oriented database can be said to provide a middle ground between relational database and object-oriented database, which means it included with a programming API for storing and retrieving objects, and little or no specific support for querying. An Object-relational database is a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational database, but with an object-oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language. Three database packages would be suitable for the setup business directory. Relational Database Edgar F. Codd (1970) invented the relational database in 1970, relational database are based on relational set theory which is the structure of a database. A database is simply a collection of one or more relations or tables with columns and rows. Because of serials relations of tables, Normalization is a vital component of relational model of database. Normalization was an integral part of the relational model which increases complexity and processing. Benefits of relational database are that the system is simple, flexible, and productive. Because  the tables are simple, data is easier to understand and communicate with others. Relational database are flexible because users do not have to use predefined keys to input information. Also,  relational database are more productive because SQL is an easy and human-readable language. SQL instructions are in the form of plain instructions, which can be put to the database for implementation. This allows users to spend more time  inputting instead of learning. The other important advantages of relational database include their performance, power, and support to new hardware technologies as also flexibility and a capacity to meet all types of data needs. More importantly, relational database biggest  advantage is the ease with which users can  create and access data and extend it if needed But there are limitations to the relational database management system. First, relational database do not have enough storage area to handle data such as images, digital and audio/video. The system was originally created to handle the integration of media, traditional fielded data, and templates. Another limitation of the relational database is its inadequacy to operate with languages outside of SQL. After its original development, languages such as C++ and JavaScript were formed. However, relational database do not work efficiently with these languages. A third limitation is the requirement that information must be in tables where relationships between entities are defined by values. The three fundamentals of a relational database are that all information must be held in the form of a table, where all data are described using data values. The second fundamental is that each value found in the table columns does not repeat. The final fundamental is the use of Standard Query Language (SQL), such as MYSQL or Microsofts Access. MYSQL Available from: http://www.mysql.com/ [Accessed 23 January, 2009] Microsofts Access Available from: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/default.aspx [Accessed 23 January, 2009] Object- oriented database To combat the limitations of relational database and meet the challenge of the increasing rise of the Internet and the Web, object-oriented database developed in the 1980s. The most important characteristic for object-oriented database is the joining of object-oriented programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application development system. The object-oriented database has many advantages and benefits. First, object-oriented is a more natural way of thinking. Second, the defined operations of these types of systems are not dependent on the particular database application running at a given moment. Third, users are allowed to define their own methods of access to data and how it will be represented. It can store more types of data, and access this data, and much faster than relational database. Another benefit of object-oriented database is that relationships are represented explicitly, it support large number of relationships between the objects. However, object-oriented database also has disadvantages or limitations. One disadvantage of relational database is that it lacks a common data model. There is also no current standard, since it is still considered to be in the development stages. Also there are unavailability of object-oriented CASE tools and confusion with too many different object-oriented development methods. Object-oriented database use a query language called object query language (OQL) to manipulate and retrieve data. object query language supports object referencing within tables. Objects can be nested within objects. Python is an example of Object-oriented database. Python Available from: http://python.org/ [Accessed 23 January, 2009] Object- relational database Object-relational database management systems grew out of research that occurred in the early 1990s. It can handle new types of data such as audio, video, and image files that relational database were not equipped to handle. In addition, its development was the result of increased usage of object-oriented and a large mismatch between these and the DBMS software. Object-relational database are systems that attempt to extend relational database systems with the functionality necessary to support a broader class of applications and, in many ways, provide a bridge between the relational and object-oriented paradigms. One advantage of ORDBMS is that it allows organizations to continue using their existing systems, without having to make major changes. This can be referred to as reuse. It gives rise to increased productivity both for developer and end-user A second advantage is that it allows users and programmers to start using object-oriented systems in parallel. Also, it able to handle and query large and complex applications. Though Object- relational database have some advantages by the way of using object oriented features, it is also not fully solving the problems. Object-oriented database have some disadvantages like Complexity and SQL is now extremely complex thus query is hard to optimization. Many SQL object- relational database are extensible with user-defined types and custom-written functions, such as Oracle. Deploy a database on the Internet To deploy a database on the internet, we need serial process to do it. The client side can use browser as tool to access the database. The server side has to setup a web server. Client sent the request to the server though browser. When database saved the record and it send back response though browser. Browser process all the database action. We can build/design the web site by using dreamweaver. Window platform We can install IIS as our web server in window platform.IIS support Active Server Pages (ASP) which is a technology that enables you to make dynamic and interactive web pages. ASP pages have the extension .asp instead of .htm, when a page with the extension .asp is requested by a browser the web server knows to interpret any ASP contained within the web page before sending the HTML produced to the browser. This way all the ASP is run on the web server and no ASP will ever be passed to the web browser. Access or SQL server can be use for database. Linux platform Linux is a perfect platform for setup web server. We can install Fedora as our OS package. Apache would be the best web server. The program side we can use PHP which is a freeware for build up web page. The database can use MYSQL as database server, its a relational database. An Entity Relationship Diagram of the online book shop Entity Description Entity Name: publisher Descriptions: The storage of the publisher details. Data Element Content: id name username password date Entity Name: book Descriptions: The storage of publishers book. Data Element Content: Id publisher_id code name author year price discount stock Entity Name: book_price Descriptions: The storage of books price. Data Element Content: id book_id picture sort Entity Name: member Descriptions: The storage of member data Data Element Content: id username password email firstname lastname address phone Entity Name: member_order Descriptions: The storage of members order on website. Data Element Content: id member_id price date Entity Name: member_order_detail Descriptions: The storage of orders detail Data Element Content: id member_order_id book_id quantity The following tables are in 1NF: The following tables are in 2NF: The following tables are in 3NF: Relationship Description between Entities member member_order member_order_detail The relationship between three databases are one to many, that means one member will have more than one member_order record, but one member_order record will have one member record only. Also, one member_order will have more than one member_order_detail, but one member_order_detail relate to one member_order only. Publisher book book picture The relationship between three databases are one to many, that means one publish will have one or many book records, but one book will have only one publisher. And each book may have more than one picture. Member_order_detail book The relationship between two databases are one to many, one and only one book record will in each member_orde_detail, but only one book will have more than one member_order_detail records. Screen shot: Home page Book detail Add to cart: A Login Page: Member registration: Search book: Training Plan: Step/Content Time/Training Materials I. Review (all together) A. [Training goal] Describe the online book system. 10 minutes Whiteboard (as needed) II. Overview (all together) A. [Overview] Go through the system step-by-step. B. [Training objectives] Describe the function of the system. C. [Importance] Review the interface of the system. 30 minutes Handout III. Presentation (all together) A. [Concepts] Plan using by using mnemonic acronym B. [Steps] Review each function and the emphasis it covers C. [Demonstrate] Q A about what each step means D. [Examples] Outline for Presenting Class 2-3 hours Handout IV. Exercise (small group) A. [Applications] Practice in group 1-2 hours Group discussion V. Summarize A. [Q A] Ask for any improvement. 30 minutes Whiteboard (as needed) Installation Guide Install MYSQL Database Server Once implement bookshop system, we need create related database for record information that create by bookshop system or input from users. Bookshop system is using MYSQL for backend database system, please visit http://www.mysql.com for more information and download MYSQL DBMS software. Fist visit http://www.mysql.com , you will see download (GA) on the top of the web page, click this button and the page of body will change to download information, scroll down the web page, you can find MYSQL Community Server, it will show a short description and version no of this DBMS. Click download button (with red circle remark on figure) to enter download MYSQL DBMS. After enter download page, you will see different package of database system, you need to choice which operating system for your database server. For example, if you are using windows server, please choice Microsoft Windows, and there have 32bits and 64bits version for user install. We recommend download package that with installation execute. Directly double click the file you download from mysql.com for MYSQL server installation, setup program will ask you question step by step to help you install MYSQL DBMS in to windows system, such as where you want to install MYSQL DBMS, and which component you want to install. We recommend you setup MYSQL on the root of the server that such as C:MYSQL on windows system. It is because it let user easier to operate and manage data on database system. And we recommend user use complete method to setup MYSQL, it make setup program install all of MYSQL DBMS component into the windows server, it reduce the problem that we may need reinstall some components when MYSQL system report something missing when system running. Please follow below pictures to setup MYSQL DBMS. Double click mysql-essential-ver-win32.msi that you downloaded from mysql.com Straight forward to DBMS Click Next We recommend choice Complete to let setup program to install all MYSQL components into windows system. Click Install to start installation. Waiting setup software copy file. Install procedure competed, and program will ask you to configure MYSQL server, we recommend configure it as the same time. After setup procedure, now we are going to MYSQL database server configure wizard, it is one important procedure that it may affect database server performance. The method of database setting is as same as installation procedure that setting database step by step. Please follow below step to configure database server for bookshop. The first question asking by configuration wizard is detailed configuration or standard configuration, standard configuration is one simply configuration way that configuration wizard will set all setting with default setting, but this setting cannot satisfy heave work loading of bookshop system, so, please choice detailed configuration, detailed configuration requires users to configure database server step by step, there are server type, database usage, data file location, users connection number, service port, character set, services install and root account setup. Follow below step to modify setting for suitable with bookshop system. Server type have three options, they are developer machine, server machine, dedicated MYSQL server machine. Developer machine is one setting environment that provides for programmer to develop program and database, under this setting, MYSQL server will not use all o

How do I keep my own biases and my own history from allowing me to und

I have a jumbled mess of information to process. I believe that being African America, Black, or of African descent, whichever is currently more acceptable that I have a plethora of bias pointed in my direction. Being a female doesn’t help alleviate the dilemma. Growing up in what is considered a textbook black family stereotype I am the last of six children, my mother having had children by different men, the home being on public assistance, growing up in a single parent household and church every Sunday. With a deceased father at the age of seven I became one of the 49% according to familyfacts.org that grew up in a single family household lead by a mother only. I felt different then as I do now in the way I think and process information from a vast majority of people I am related to and whom I have encountered. Not many of my views and opinions have a foundation based on my upbringing. I have no strong views in either direction of conservatism or liberalism and no ties to r eligion. Some may say I am a page ready to be written on while others may say I am damned. Therefore I do carry bias opinions that overall do not fit neatly in any key hole. I find with much thought that I do hold bias against religion being a better form for raising children, the public assistance system, and the education system ability to prepare youth for adulthood. My bias on religion is that children raised in a religious home or no more or less better than those raised without religion. Of the 83.1 percent of Americans who have some kind of religious affiliation some 16.1 percent have no affiliation this according to The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. I do believe that religion is an important aspect of civilization. Religions structure all... ...each my children how to function as adults and I understand that not all cases are universal. To not accept new information I am doing more harm than good. Works Cited Longley, Robert. "Lifetime Earnings Soar with Education - How a Higher Education Leads to Higher Lifetime Earnings." 2011. 04 April 2011 . "One in two African-American children lives in a single-parent home." 2011. 03 April 2011 . "Prison Incarceration and Religious Preference." 2011. 03 April 2011 . "Statistics on Religion in America Report -- Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life." 2011. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 03 April 2011 .

The Apaches Essay -- essays research papers

Due to the educating of the Apaches and their persistence behavior, they flourished in the Great Plains region of the US. The American Indian Tribe first got their name "Apache" from the Yuma Indians. The word Apache means "fighting men". They were hunters, farmers and seed gatherers. The Apache were known for their love of Warfare and raiding, today we would call them thieves. When the Spaniards first came to the Americas they were constantly being under attack by the Apache. The Tribe would steal the Spanish horses and eat them. They were not yet introduced to the technology of using the horse as transportation. The Apache used their dogs to help move their wickiups or homes around because they were nomadic people. Wherever the buffalo went they followed. The horse began to become transportation and no longer a meal source once the Indians watching the Spaniards ride their horses. Since the Apache loved war so much it was a surprise that they let the Spaniards on their land. The fact was the Apache let them stay on the land so that they could keep raiding them for their supplies. The persistence of the Tribe helped them make a name for themselves. (Josephy, 117) The Spanish Police began to capture and make slaves out of all the Apache trying to raid the pueblo, or town. They tried to convert the Apache to Christianity but this did not prove successful. Even though the Apache liked to steal the Spaniards supplies they eventually signed a peace treaty. (Josephy, 373) When the Spaniards were fighting with the Americans in the Mexican war the Apache were a nuisance. The Spanish troops were so busy in this war that the Apache did not have enough supplies. So they were forced to disobey the peace treaty and steal for survival. The act of breaking the peace treaty sparked warfare.(Terrell, 148) There were many branches of the Apache Indians spread across the Great Plains. They began to unite and raid near by New Mexican towns. When the tribes Apache Mimbreno and Apache Gileno united, they became the most feared groups of all the Indians. The Americans and Spaniards both did not want to get entangled into their raids of fury. This group of Indians killed more people during raids, stole more food, they were just plain out vicious Indians. The persistance of the tribe helped them make a name for themselves. The Spaniards during the Mexican w... ...ech on how honored he was to make peace with such great people, the confederates. â€Å"I am glad I have come. My heart if full of love for my pindah brothers†¦When I lie down at night the treaty will be in my heart, and when I arise in the morning it will still be there. And I will be glad I am at peace with my pindah brothers.† (Nicholas, 232) The Americans held this speech close to the hearts and they took him to his up most sincerity. On the way back from El Paso Nicholas ran off from the horses and group together his raiders. The Raiders and Nicholas rode to the Americans stock herd and stole it. They killed 2 Guards while doing so. The confederate Congress passed a law to kill all Indians spotted. Soldiers were to persuade the Apache to believe they made peace then once they had them they were to kill them. (Haley, 234) The Apache’s raiding helped keep the Americans on their toes. They flourished as a tribe despite the many different branches of them. Their aggressive behavior helped them become well known and never too weak under the rule of white men. Even though this tribe ended up with the other Indians in reservation camps, they still left a lasting impression on history. The Apaches Essay -- essays research papers Due to the educating of the Apaches and their persistence behavior, they flourished in the Great Plains region of the US. The American Indian Tribe first got their name "Apache" from the Yuma Indians. The word Apache means "fighting men". They were hunters, farmers and seed gatherers. The Apache were known for their love of Warfare and raiding, today we would call them thieves. When the Spaniards first came to the Americas they were constantly being under attack by the Apache. The Tribe would steal the Spanish horses and eat them. They were not yet introduced to the technology of using the horse as transportation. The Apache used their dogs to help move their wickiups or homes around because they were nomadic people. Wherever the buffalo went they followed. The horse began to become transportation and no longer a meal source once the Indians watching the Spaniards ride their horses. Since the Apache loved war so much it was a surprise that they let the Spaniards on their land. The fact was the Apache let them stay on the land so that they could keep raiding them for their supplies. The persistence of the Tribe helped them make a name for themselves. (Josephy, 117) The Spanish Police began to capture and make slaves out of all the Apache trying to raid the pueblo, or town. They tried to convert the Apache to Christianity but this did not prove successful. Even though the Apache liked to steal the Spaniards supplies they eventually signed a peace treaty. (Josephy, 373) When the Spaniards were fighting with the Americans in the Mexican war the Apache were a nuisance. The Spanish troops were so busy in this war that the Apache did not have enough supplies. So they were forced to disobey the peace treaty and steal for survival. The act of breaking the peace treaty sparked warfare.(Terrell, 148) There were many branches of the Apache Indians spread across the Great Plains. They began to unite and raid near by New Mexican towns. When the tribes Apache Mimbreno and Apache Gileno united, they became the most feared groups of all the Indians. The Americans and Spaniards both did not want to get entangled into their raids of fury. This group of Indians killed more people during raids, stole more food, they were just plain out vicious Indians. The persistance of the tribe helped them make a name for themselves. The Spaniards during the Mexican w... ...ech on how honored he was to make peace with such great people, the confederates. â€Å"I am glad I have come. My heart if full of love for my pindah brothers†¦When I lie down at night the treaty will be in my heart, and when I arise in the morning it will still be there. And I will be glad I am at peace with my pindah brothers.† (Nicholas, 232) The Americans held this speech close to the hearts and they took him to his up most sincerity. On the way back from El Paso Nicholas ran off from the horses and group together his raiders. The Raiders and Nicholas rode to the Americans stock herd and stole it. They killed 2 Guards while doing so. The confederate Congress passed a law to kill all Indians spotted. Soldiers were to persuade the Apache to believe they made peace then once they had them they were to kill them. (Haley, 234) The Apache’s raiding helped keep the Americans on their toes. They flourished as a tribe despite the many different branches of them. Their aggressive behavior helped them become well known and never too weak under the rule of white men. Even though this tribe ended up with the other Indians in reservation camps, they still left a lasting impression on history.

The Kiss of the Fur Queen Essay -- Art, Education, Highway

Thomson Highway’s The Kiss of the Fur Queen has a core theme of art. In this novel, art is integrated into the lives of the characters. The modernist movement would indicate that art has the ability to plainly exist â€Å"art of arts sake†. Peter Lamarque notes â€Å"To value a work for its own sake is to value it for what it is in itself, not for the realization of some ulterior ends.† (par. 19) This commonly accepted view, that art is valued because it is great art, not for the role or function that it has in society, restricts arts impact. This perspective limits and does not allow for the surfacing of profound effects that art creates. In the Kiss of the Fur Queen, art has power it does not simply exist but has function. The observable function of art in this text is in education, providing identity and finally uniting Gabriel and Jeremiah with their cultural roots. Art educates. This education can be both positive and negative but art can function as an educational tool that has lasting effects. A 2009 article in the New York Times titled: â€Å"Schools Adopt Art as Building Block of Education† indicates the growing acceptance of art functioning in education. In this article, the unique architecture of the building was used practically by students â€Å"measuring whimsical figures of hot-air balloons, paper airplanes and pinwheels built right into the walls of their school† (par. 1). The architecture also functioned as inspiration for further learning. In addition, the article documented the perspective of a four-year old child who proclaimed that â€Å"When you look at it, it helps you learn.† (par. 20) When Jeremiah looked at the image of heaven and hell he learned significant life lessons. This picture that was presented in residential school ... ...ovel. The embedded role of a trickster in the novel points towards the underlying significance of art in the brother’s lives and the concept that this novel itself is a Cree story; is art. Throughout this novel little piece of native art function to unite the Jeremiah and Gabriel together and to their native roots. In The Kiss of the Fur Queen art is not only demonstrated as having a function, but specific examples are provided. Art in this text functions in three main ways. It functions as education, identity, and cultural formation. Counter to the concept that art can simply exist for art sake is that the meaningful functions of art are encountered in daily life. This novel crystallizes that concept and confirms that preserving and continuing artistic endeavours is needed not just for the sake of art, but for the many profound implications of arts functions.

Role of communication and interactions with individuals who have dementia Essay

1. How do individuals with dementia communicate through their behaviour (1.1) Persons with dementia may communicate through behaviours such as: †¢Repetition of actions or questions, this may communicate anxiety over memory loss, boredom from inactivity, to seek reassurance, picking at clothing due to anxiety. †¢Aggression, this may communicate depression, an inability to rationalise, impaired judgment, feeling embarrassed and fearful of humiliation, frustration that they are unable to remember what they are meant to be doing or that others do not understand their need to accomplish tasks that they feel to be important. Can find no other way to express themselves. †¢Pacing or walking, this may communicate a desire to visit a certain place or person. Although the individual may have forgotten who or where. They may be bored and attempting to use up energy, uncomfortable from sitting, confusion about what they are meant to be doing or where they are, to enter in to past routines of behaviour that once served an important purpose that the individual feels they need to accomplish. †¢Becoming suspicious of others, this may communicate that the individual is experiencing memory loss and is having difficulty recognizing familiar faces †¢Pointing and vocalizing to communicate their intentions as the individual loses the use and understanding of their vocabulary 2. How you as a carer can misinterpret communication (1.2) †¢Not being attentive and missing behavioural communications such as picking at items, failing to make eye contact or being out of the persons view, not creating an environment conducive to communication (adequate lighting, low background noise levels etc) †¢Not allowing the individual time to process information before continuing the conversation. †¢Misunderstanding the intention behind a given response as the individual may mean one thing but say another. †¢Individuals in a support team may fail to record information and communicate with one another when they have identified a need for a behaviour and the correct response to that need. i.e., the individual may pace because they are anxious remembering a forgotten routine (the need to catch the bus so they are not late for work). †¢Asking open rather than closed questions requiring a yes or no answer. Making communication difficult. 3. Explain the importance of effective communication with individuals with dementia (1.3) We all communicate to express needs and share information. In order for these needs to be met there must be someone open to receive information and a receptive environment in order for information to be shared effectively. As a person with dementia already has a compromised ability to communicate, communication needs to be effective and understood or the client may not understand what is being done to them, where they are being taking. It is important that for effective communication to take place the care giver: †¢Creates an environment that supports effective communication oAdjust lighting so you can be seen and you can in tern see, adjust lighting, close curtains if excessively sunny etc. Reduce the distraction of background noises Approach communication when there is reduced or no distracting activity in the surrounding environment oTry to make the individual’s environment comfortable in terms of temperature, seating arrangements, attempting to meet baser needs, food, drink, toileting. †¢Presents themself in a way that supports communication: Position yourself in a way that enables eye contact to be made (but not to invade personal space or intimidate) oBe aware of your non-verbal bodily communication, allow the individual to see your body language as they will be more receptive to this than speech, ensure your body language is in keeping with your intentions to avoid mixed messages †¢Speech: oRemain positive and present information in an enjoyable and pleasurable manner but avoid patronising oWhen assisting with tasks attempt to offer direction by decompiling tasks to their fundamental components rather then assuming the individual will recall how to carry out complex activities i.e. putting on shoes. Redirect the topic of conversation or activity if the individual becomes distressed rather then arguing your point oAssume that the individual can understand what you are saying. If they are present while other conversations are taking place, be respectful and show dignity by not discussing them in their presence oAttempt to retain as much of the persons autonomy as is possible by offering choices, i.e. food, clothes, activity. However keep choices simple, in the present and not abstract. Asses the individual’s ability to choose; as the illness progresses, simple choices can become overwhelming and may need to be revised. †¢Assisting with activities: Do not boss the individual; allow them time to attempt tasks at their own pace. If people feel that they are being controlled they may resort to aggression or withdraw. oUse hand over hand techniques as opposed to carrying out tasks for individuals. Praise efforts and avoid highlighting errors. 4. Describe how 3 different forms of dementia can affect the way an individual communicates. (1.4) Vascular Dementia: †¢Caused by a series of small strokes, Vascular dementia can compromise understanding of language, memory and ability to follow instructions. Early symptoms may include slurring of speech (affecting the individuals ability to verbally express), dizziness (affecting concentration), short term memory (affecting the ability to take in new information, adjust to new situations, settings and people). More dominant symptoms affect a person’s control over bladder and bowel movements compromising the ability to communicate these baser needs, ability to process information and abstract thought affecting a person’s independence and autonomy. Dementia Pugilistica: †¢Brought upon by a repetition of concussions, the dementia commonly effects a decline in mental abilities, lack of concentration (affecting a person’s ability to hold a conversation, process information, attention to tasks). Personality disorders including psychomotor retardation (a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements affecting processing skills, learning new information, recalling learnt information and ability to  complete tasks), exacerbation of aggression, suspiciousness (effecting trust in relationships and inclusiveness), loquacity (becoming talkative). Huntington’s Disease: †¢A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric issues. Some of the symptoms and their effect on communication could be: Motor dysfunction, jerky, random, and uncontrollable movements may affect both the individual’s confidence in their ability to communicate and their ability to express and gesticulate. Slowed saccadic eye movements (quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction) may affect the individual’s ability to make or maintain eye contact affecting attention, ability to read both facial and bodily expression. Rigidity, writhing motions or abnormal posturing would affect the individual’s ability to express themselves through body language. Abnormal facial expression, difficulties chewing, swallowing and speaking would affect both use of the spoken language and accurately conveying emotion and intent through facial expression. oSleep disturbances would leave the individual feeling tired, affecting concentration, temperament, attention and emotional state Ability to correctly initiate appropriate actions and to inhibit inappropriate actions could affect the individual’s ability to gesticulate creating, misunderstandings and possible offence. Impairment in the range of short-term memory and deficits to long-term memory may affect the individual’s ability to retain information required to hold conversations in context, identity of others, what’s their relationship, what are their intentions. 5/6. Give 3 examples of how you have positively interacted with clients with Dementia and explain how these positive interactions contribute to their wellbeing. (2.1)(2.2) Although I do have experience of interacting with people who have dementia, this was at a time when I was not a support or care worker. As I used to be a cook in a large care home, I interacted frequently with persons with dementia; I will use those experiences along with the information I have learnt as a result of this unit to answer questions 5 and 6. Example one: †¢As I would go about my work in the kitchen at the nursing home, there was a lady resident who would often stand at the kitchen door and would mutter to herself and occasionally look at me and say short sentences that to me made no sense as I did not know the content. Despite not knowing much about dementia, I felt comfortable in this lady’s company and felt that she was also comfortable with standing and chatting at the door: her stance, demeanour, tone and facial expression supported this. I would always speak to her in a calm, clear pleasant manner; as this was not only polite but reflected how she spoke in my presence. I’d greet her when she came to the kitchen door and ask how she was, I would tell her about what I was doing as a running commentary (cooking, chopping, baking etc). Although she never appeared to directly interact with me I sensed that standing in a kitchen and chatting were both familiar and comforting for her, as she would spend frequent part s of her day doing this. I felt it important to accommodate her presence and interact on her terms (not pushing for answers), using common politeness and manners, offering information as a framework for my conversation. I believe this allowed her to feel comfortable in the social situation while lacking social skills. Example 2: 3: †¢The only part of my job role that required me to assist individuals with daily living tasks was serving, describing and presenting their meals to them. I would assist the support staff in serving meals as dinner was a busy time. One gentleman in particular would often become distressed when his meal was presented to him; the nurse requested that when I write the meal choices on the menu board I present this particular individual with physical representations of the food for him to be better informed and have clearer expectations. Although it was not my place to help the patients make choices, the gentlemen when presented with the food items did take an interest in them and I presented him with his meal accordingly. Although the instances of anxiety still remained around dinner time they did however significantly decrease. I now know that the food items were used as objects of reference and I believe it would have been of greater benefit to all residents if they received a comb ination of a written menu, objects of reference, photographic or pictorial representations of meal choices  according to their individual abilities around choice making. I also believe that with the information gained in this unit, in hindsight the gentlemen in question would have benefited from a smaller range of choice, 2 items as opposed to 4. 7. Why is it important to involve clients with dementia in a range of activities, give three examples of how you have done this. (2.3) As stated in questions 5 and 6, I have no experience in supporting people with dementia. For the purposes of this question I will give three examples of activity that could be considered essential for most people. Humans are occupational and social beings, physically and mentally built to interact with their environments. Therefore activity would not only be a natural pursuit for all people, but, for individuals with dementia who are losing the ability to interact with the world around them, the use of activity would allow them both structure and purpose for interaction: linking familiar experiences of the past to the unfamiliar experience of the present. Example1 †¢Supporting individual with their morning ablutions. This task would have taken place for almost every morning of the individual’s lives, with guided and prompted support the individual may benefit from a sense of pride in appearance that would have been culturally important for members of the older generation. The support worker could reinforce the activity and the individual’s attention to task by complimenting them on their appearance. There may be a range of ways in which the client chooses to cleanse themselves; shower, bathing, or it may be appropriate for individuals of a certain generation to wash at a hand basin. The act of washing may hold some religious significance for the individual (Muslims are required to be clean when handling and reading the Qur’an) allowing them the benefits of their religious convictions. Example 2 †¢Accessing social occasions (tea at a village hall). The individual may  benefit from time spent away from their home in the company of others from a familiar cultural generation. Socialising may combat isolation, loneliness, feelings of despair, suicidal thoughts, offer the individual an opportunity to positively experience their identity. Example 3 †¢Accessing reminiscing sessions. This activity may immerse the individual in an environment filled with remnants of their formative years; familiar objects, smells, clothing etc; creating a sense of identity and safety, stimulating the mind and senses in a bid to prolong their cognitive abilities, believes that are supported by the Orientation Approach. 8. Compare reality Orientation Approaches to Validation Approaches. (2.4) The validation approach attempts to offer extremely disorientated individuals (predominantly the elderly at the end of their lives) an opportunity to express what are believed to be unresolved feelings and offers the care giver an insight in to the underlying meaningful reasons for what may be perceived as odd behaviours. The care giver attempts to empathise with the individual’s behaviours, mannerisms and expressions, presenting themselves in a non-confrontational and non-judgemental way; engendering trust and acceptance. Thus allowing the individual to communicate as they are able, rather than as they should. Unlike the validation approach, which attempts to enter the world of the disorientated individual, the orientation approach attempts to focus the individual’s perceptions in the real world. Using prompts such as calendars, clocks, current magazines or newspapers, menu boards, staff boards to orientate them in to the time and place that they currently occupy. It is thought that continual, repetitive reminders will keep the patient stimulated and lead to an increase in orientation. However, I have found through researching this topic that some care givers and providers have adapted the orientation approach (which advocates the present time) by creating and orientating individuals to the particular reality or time that they may be experiencing. 9. List the physical and mental health needs that may need to be considered when communicating with some one with dementia. (3.1) Physical needs: †¢Effects of stroke ( multiple TIAs bringing about vascular dementia) oParalysis on ether side of the body †¢Problems with vision †¢Speech and language problems †¢Memory loss †¢Muscle spasticity †¢Tremors †¢Incontinence †¢Disruptions in sleep patterns †¢Unable to remain settled, pacing †¢Loss of hearing and or tinnitus †¢Loss or increase of physical sensation, touch, sight, smell. †¢Ability to accurately form facial expressions Mental health needs †¢Depression †¢Sense of agency †¢Loss of hope, experiencing despair †¢Lack in recognition of familiar people or places resulting in possible suspicion †¢Experiencing frustration †¢Heightened sense of anxiety †¢Aggressive behaviour †¢Feeling fearful †¢Short and long term memory loss †¢Becoming withdrawn 10: Describe how a sensory impairment of someone with dementia can affect their communication skills (3.2) Visual impairment: †¢The individual may not be able to accurately gauge a person’s body language or facial expressions, minimising the amount of information they receive. The interpretation of light fall on objects and surroundings may be distorted resulting in confusion and anxiety. †¢Heightened sense of smell (Hyperosmia), this may affect how an individual smells both people and places around them, they may find bodily odours, perfumes, deodorants, and cleaning products offensive, reminiscent and confusing; affecting the individual’s tolerance of these smells and ability to concentrate on tasks such as communication. †¢Loss of proprioception (body’s internal sensory network of muscle and movement), this may affect an individual’s ability to express body language or gesticulate. †¢Taste, an individual may cease to communicate their desire, choice, interest in food if eating has become a displeasurable or confusing experience due to a change in their taste. †¢Change in the sense of touch, a heightened or dampened sense of touch may result in individuals recoiling from another touching them to show reassurance or gain attention as the sensory information received may relay pain, discomfort or not register at all. †¢A change in sensory input of any of the senses may be distressing and confusing for the individual, affecting their concentration, perception and desire to communicate. 11. Describe how an environment can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.3) A change in mental faculties, cognition, memory and mental health in a person with dementia coupled with an array of sensory impairments may affect the individual’s perception of their environment in the following ways: †¢The smell of the environment may distress individuals due to Hyperosmia. †¢A loss of vision may alter the perception of visual stimuli, bright light from a window or light bulb may wash out the visual field, shadows may create the illusion of people or objects, a change in depth perception may alter a person’s ability to gauge depth of furniture. †¢Reactions to the alterations in visual perceptions may be interpreted with fear, confusion, anxiety as objects may appear different to what they are, or the individual is unable to correctly identify or comprehend their purpose †¢The environment can be arranged to effect positive change, the dà ©cor and items can be chosen to  resemble familiar surroundings from a time or era that the individual is remembering. The Orientation Approach fills the environment with informative and stimulating objects (present time frame): large clock, calendar, staff board, meal board, current literature. 12. Describe how your behaviour and that of other carers can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.4) The care giver needs to consider the way they speak: whether it is positive or negative, does it show that you are attentive and caring, if a carer rushes their speech or does not allow the client time to respond, it may convey a lack of respect and that they don’t want to be there. The messages that the carer’s body language communicates must not be at odds with their verbal content; this may create confusion and appear as insincerity. The carer must be focussed on the needs of the client, not becoming distracted by personal discussions with other carers; at all times the chosen language must be that of the clients while in their presence. Interpersonal staff conversations conducted while staff are delivering care show a lack of respect and compassion, the client may not feel that they have a right to talk if they are not involved or may become distressed about the content of conversation and feel a need to become involved. Clients may feel that they can assist with a staff member’s personal problems, offering money or possessions, accepting gratuity is both unethical and would be in contravention of the code of conduct. This may be interpreted by clients as payment for preferential services or as theft: after a client having forgotten there offering discovers their money or possessions gone. Carers need to remain professional and stick to their roles as described in their job descriptions; if the client should request services that are in contravention of their role, the carer should politely decline the request and seek support/advice from their manager if they feel it necessary. 13. Describe how the use of language can hinder positive interactions and communications. (3.5) Clients with dementia will be experiencing a deterioration in their  cognition, attention, memory, producing and understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving. It is therefore necessary that the carer not only use their language and communication skills appropriately but they also recognise deficit in the client’s abilities and change their approach accordingly. The client’s deterioration in cognition will result in a struggle to comprehend both spoken and written language; if a client does not understand information they are more likely to withdraw and accept their confusion with feelings of embarrassment and ineptitude rather than seeking clarification. The carer should be attentive to the client’s communication needs; noticing if they are struggling to understand, offering the information in a more appropriate way. The carer should always adapt their vocabulary to that of the clients; considering the use of slang, euphemism, colloquialism, all owing time to process and respond, realising that the clients may have lost the ability to ask questions and seek clarification.