How Do Poems Use Language to Create Imaginary Worlds?

Poppies by Mary Oliver and A Martian Sends A Postcard Home by Craig Raine, with the use of unconventional metaphors and extremely detailed observation encourage us to look upon the ordinary in a way that leads us to explore our own human nature. Unexpected connections between a previously ordinary object and something that at first seemed totally unrelated can paint a picture of another context within which we can better examine our own existence (Hirsch).This is demonstrated quite well in A Martian Sends A Postcard Home in nearly every stanza, with the alien viewpoint of everyday things leading to considerable thought about the things we take for granted. The line, â€Å"At night, when all the colours die† is a particularly vivid way of describing day turning to night and implies the alien land must be either bright all the time or of another dimension where night and day have no meaning.Similarly, Poppies describes a field of flowers in terms that evoke the passage of life i tself, with lines such as, â€Å"Of course nothing stops the cold, black, curved blade from hooking forward— of course, loss is the great lesson† describing night falling, the death of a flower as it wilts and the blade of a scythe, invoking images of the Grim Reaper (Wu). All these observations are made as metaphors as opposed to similes, forcing the reader to consider each point as being the same thing as that which it is being compared to.In doing so, the reader is actually is involved in surmising the meaning of the passage through the metaphor, in collaboration with the author (Hirsch). This allows the reader to have a deeper connection with the work than merely taking in what the author is putting across, in a way that encourages extensive internal processing of the ideas more than just a literal and factual description of the ideas the author wanted to portray may have.In Poppies, when Oliver says, â€Å"†¦that light is an invitation to happiness†¦Ã¢â ‚¬  the reader is invited to think about not just poppies in a field but their own life and how they have the opportunity to make the best of the life they lead before the â€Å"curved blade† of the night (Wu). In a slightly different vein, A Martian Sends A Postcard Home is suggesting that we pay closer attention to the world around us, a world in which â€Å"Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on he ground† and also provokes feelings of nostalgia of when the reader was young and looked up at the clouds, the â€Å"soft machines†, for long periods, looking at them in a new way (Williams 454). The poets also have an eye for incredible detail in the world around us that they use to paint a picture of a scene in layers, allowing the reader to form a three dimensional picture of the scene in their head in vivid detail.In Poppies, for example, the one field of poppies is focused on in at almost every angle; the way they sway in the win d, the way the shine, their â€Å"yellow hair† and â€Å"rough and spongy gold† leading to almost a baptism of flowers, â€Å"washed and washed in the river of earthly delight†. This seeming progression of wonder, joy, light and rebirth through the steady application of description after description of the one object (the field of poppies) give the reader pause to think on their own progression through life.With the occasional interjection about the â€Å"darkness† and the â€Å"deep, blue night† we are reminded that death is looming but it is the happiness we can create beforehand that is important, and we should pay attention to that detail (Wu). A Martian Sends A Postcard Home does not have, on the surface, as much of a singular message to communicate; it presents us with a series of common-day objects perceived through an alien lens as completely new and how they would appear to a being with no frame of reference.However, it is precisely this a lien frame of reference that gives the reader a connection between their observations and their inner thoughts. Lines such as, â€Å"Adults go to a punishment room with water and nothing to eat†, though describing the base act of going to the toilet in a humorous manner also can lead to reflection on the nature of punishment and our own frame of reference for all things around us which we observe when we don’t quite understand their context.It encourages the reader to reach harmony between our â€Å"inner selves† and the universe around them, which some argue is the entire function of poetry itself. Both these poems utilize this detail to create a living imaginary world for the reader to consider the ideas put forth within (Couch 12). In conclusion, when both metaphor and detail are brought together in this way, with the poetic language that is employed in the two pieces, a powerful representation of â€Å"truth† and â€Å"harmony† is communicated to the reader in a way that possibly the standard prose form cannot.In this essay I have shown how the poets, by including the reader in the process of forming the ultimate meaning of what they are reading by the use of metaphor, together with painting their descriptions in great detail but in such a way that obscures instant recognition of what is being described, lead the reader to deeper thought about the issues raised and about their own humanity as it relates to the world around them. Works Cited Couch, Arthur Thomas.Poetry. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1914. Print. Hirsch, Edward. â€Å"Metaphor: A Poet is a Nightingale by Edward Hirsch . † Poetry Foundation. N. p. , 23 Jan. 2006. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. . Williams, David G. â€Å"Elizabeth Bishop and the ‘Martian' Poetry of Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. † English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature 78. 5 (1997): 451-458. Print. Wu, Alexis. â€Å"Mary Oliver's Poppies. † alexiswupoetry. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. .

Should there be separation of church and state?

Ancient Greek civilization and culture continues to be one of the landmarks of world history because of the invaluable contribution that the Greeks have made in virtually all areas of human endeavor. However, civilization is not static and Greek society was swept into the same historical process that led all societies to the modern world of capitalism. What is distinct about Greek society today is the direct role that the church plays in the realm of politics, where most other countries have developed forms of government that excluded the direct participation of religious entities. What is the church’s role in the Greek state of affairs? Should there be a separation of powers of church and state in the context of Greece? The Orthodox Church in Greek Society The Orthodox Church traces its roots to the Orthodox Church based in Constantinople. It is the most dominant religion in Greece, claiming influence over 90% of the country’s population, a very wide political base that could determine the winner in national elections.   The subsequent nationalization of the Church further institutionalized its political power and created a culture/national identity where traditional church values are the core (Geographic 2004). Like most church hierarchies, the Greek Orthodox Church has always played as a conservative political force. It supported the monarchy and also aligned itself with the right wing military junta in the 1960’s in order to wage a common battle against a common threat – communism (Maniatis 2002). It also perceives pluralism and other liberal ideas as a challenge to its monopoly in the cultural sphere and has vigorously opposed such influences. It’s involvement in politics resulted in factionalism but nevertheless, it has undeniable influence over government policies and programs (Geographic 2004). Currently, Orthodox Church officials are actually employed by the government through the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs which incidentally, also manages the properties of the church (BBC 2005). Recently, scandals rocked the Orthodox Church with allegations of embezzlement, smuggling and bribing of judges. On the Separation of Church and State From the perspective of a person outside looking in, I believe that there should be a separation of church and state. This position is based on the premises that the Church (or religion in general), especially if it is conservative promotes an ideology that preserves the traditional way of life and the status quo in society. If the church is part of governance, naturally it ensures the consistency of laws, policies and programs with the tenets of the church. For instance, because homosexuality and divorce is contrary to Church teachings, it leaves out the agenda of women and gay’s rights. Because the Orthodox Church opposes multi-culturalism, it promotes religious and cultural discrimination to governance. Because science is contrary to church teachings, how then can scientific study be actively promoted by government institutions? As such, government can not effectively respond to the breadth of social issues first through objective study followed by the institution of measures appropriate with empirical evidence if there is no actual separation of church and state. Finally, if the church also functions as part of Civil Society, or as a check and balance to government, it can not do so if it is employed by that institution with its officials actually receiving salary from it. It would be a case of conflict of interest and undermines the interest of the public. List of References Geographic (2004) Greek Church and State.  [18 February 2008] BBC One Minute News: Europe (2005) Greek Church Plans Scandal Summit. Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from

Information technology in the business world: its advantages and disadvantages Essay

Information technology in the business world: its advantages and disadvantages. Communication technology is one of the most important facilities of information technology (IT) for the people around the world. It changed the human life by made it easier to communicate between each other also it make the world look like small village. People now communicate between each other’s by different ways comparison to the past. As a result businesses also change and develop by using communication technology. The companies have many benefits and many barriers by using communication technology; the discussion will be limited to this area. This essay will argue that information technology has advantages and disadvantages when used it in business. One of the advantages is that Internet can help companies to communicating effectively with clients. Also companies can use it to build a good relationship with their customers. Now most companies provide a website to market their goods and give more detailed about company’s business. Moreover, Most companies now use a virtual communication to deal or exchange information. In the other hand, communication technologies have many disadvantages that breakdown the business. The First common disadvantage among in companies that employees using company computer for dubious purposes. Also, using internet in workplace for a long time could be affect body and brain health. In addition, employees mobile phones are not secure because of the digital criminal. Internet helped companies to communicate effectively with their customers. It will help the companies to save their time and money while they finish their work online such as: online business deals and advertise their products. Researches show that companies who use the internet develop faster than others. In addition, many clients use internet to read about companies products. According to Vallee (2002, p. 109): ‘the whole world has access to your products, in proportion to the access people have individually to the internet’. The internet is very  useful for companies and helps to them to communicate with their clients. Internet can help companies to build a good relationship with their customers. It can be by sending email to advertise the new products so the customer will find that company interested on him/her and this will strengthen the interaction between them. Most of the customers preferred to deal with that companies give him/her an attention. Kleindl (2002, p.15) explain that ‘Businesses must learn to gain customers trust.’ Thus, it can be concluded that companies can make a good relationship with customers by using internet. Due to the evolution of Information Technology, most companies design a website to displaying company information and products. They have encouraged customers to visit their website to find information about the new products and know the general idea about the company work. Also most of this website provides section that the customer can buy the company products so the customer will save the time by order the products from his place. According to Vallee (1999, p. 74): ‘the websites of most large businesses merely offer general information and job ads, with little else. On the whole, design a website for the company can be very useful to the work. Now days most of the big international companies found that virtual communications are very useful. They can use it to hold a virtual conference between companies in different countries at any time and any day. Most companies find it helpful because it saves their money and time. For example: the companies who want to discuss a business deal should asset time and place to meet but with a virtual communication there is no need to all of these. Hurwitz (2009) consider that ‘The reality is you can get away with a lot more in person than you can in a virtual meeting. In an in-person meeting there is enough going on and enough possibilities of interaction that it works’. Therefore, virtual conference becomes more useful for companies and businesses. The uncontrolled Usage of computers in work places has many disadvantages that impede the progress of work. Many employees use companies’ computers for dubious purposes. Also they may surf the internet during office hours. Therefore, the employees may not perform the work required of them in limited time. Caplan (2006, p. 64) explains that ‘cyber  loafing and personal web use may inhibit productivity’. To summarise, the use of computer in the work place sometimes leads to a downturn in employee performance. Using internet in workplace for a long time could affect the worker health. It is a common problem among companies that employees use the int ernet for a long time. Many of them suffer from different health problem and neurological problems that caused by internet such as: posture and tension, difficulty in breathing, problem in blood circulation and eye health. In addition, if the employees exposure this problem he/she will reduce the level of work (Mcdowell 2001). According to Mcdowell (2001): ‘Those of us who sit at computer screens for long periods every day are already in danger of unsettling our health if this sort of activity is not balanced by a whole lot of contrasting activity. An addict is one who will concentrate their mind and body around one sort of activity to the exclusion of almost all others.’ In all, employees who sitting in front of the computer screen for a long time could affect their health. Unsecure mobile phone has become a common problem for employees by digital criminals. They target the employees’ mobile phone by using new and develop programs. These programs can break the mobile phone security to steal the important information and tampering with the contents of the phone. Moreover, they can send the data to their computers or to other mobile phone. According to Dibben (2009, p. 27): ‘If they responded, the criminals could then access phone users personal data and send it elsewhere.’ Thus, it can be concluded that hackers attack the workers mobile phones by new software to take the important information. In conclusion, the essay has argued that information technology has brought advantages and disadvantages to communication in business. Companies can communicate effectively with their customers by internet. In addition, Companies now try to have a good relationship with their customers by using internet. What is more, companies now design a website to attractions people and provide a products in it. As well as that, virtual communication is one of the important things in the business area. On the other hand, using information technology in business has disadvantages that imbed the work. For instance, employees use the company computers for personal interests in the official worki ng hours. Moreover, using internet for a long time in the  work could affect health problems. Thus, mobile phone could attack by professional criminals. List of references Caplan, S E 2006, ‘Problematic internet use in the workplace’, in M Anadarajan, T S H Teo & C A Simmers (eds), The internet and workplace transformation, Armonk, New York, viewed 26 August 2009, Dibben, K 2009, ‘Hi-tech crime: phones hit by virus’, The Sunday mail, 28 Jun, p. 27. Kleindl, B A 2002, Strategic electronic marketing: managing e-business, 2nd edn, Thomson South-Western, Cleveland, USA. Vallee, D 1999, Leading your business into the future with the internet, St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton. Hurwitz, J 2009, http://jshurwitz.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/whats-the-future-of-the-virtual-conference/ Mcdowell, R 2001,

Role of the Non-Commissioned Officer Assignment

Role of the Non-Commissioned Officer - Assignment Example One of such indispensable figures in the implementation of military structures is the non-commissioned officer. The non-commissioned officer, however, does not work untamed: for the non-commissioned officer to succeed in his role as a leader, he needs to be guided by basic military principles. This is to say that the non-commissioned officer cannot rule within his own discretion but needs to be guided by principles such as the application of the FM 6-22, counseling and the seven Army Values. A non-commissioned officer is a military officer who is given authority through a commissioned officer, but he or she is not technically considered to be in command. Non-commissioned officers rise up through the enlisted ranks, generally with several years of experience to their names before they reach positions of nominal power. The rank an officer has to reach to be accorded the position of a non-commissioned officer varies from country to country and from military force to military force. Also among the ranks, there divisions such as Junior NCOs and Senior NCOs depending on which nation is in question and which military force, be it the Navy, Army or Air Force. In the United States, for instance, all ranks of Sergeant in the United States Army, United States Air Force and the United States Marine Corps are termed Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) as are Corporals in the Army and Marine Corps. However, the rank of Corporal in the US Army is known to be a junior NCOs whereas Corporal s in the grades are referred to as senior noncommissioned officers. The non-commissioned officer can, however, be generalized to be ‘an enlisted member of the armed forces, such as a corporal, sergeant, or petty officer, appointed to a rank conferring leadership over other enlisted personnel’.

The reason for the crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The reason for the crisis - Essay Example It can be said that the United States government failed and one of the reasons why the crisis happened is on the policies that they had engaged. The â€Å"easy money† policy can be said to have contributed to the U.S. crisis but cannot be blamed solely for what happened. â€Å"Easy money† policy created the U.S. housing bubble that can be said to have a very important effect on the U.S. economy. The United States housing bubble is an economic bubble which affects many parts of the United States housing market. In early 2005, the housing market reached its peak. There has been unprecedented rise in the average price of housing globally. There was a huge price hike of the housing. Though there were intermittent cooling effects of prices, these were not enough to off-set the price hike. This can be said to have contributed to the financial mess of the United States. Any collapse of U.S. housing bubble has a direct effect not only on home valuation but also on the nationâ⠂¬â„¢s mortgage market such as real estate. The lower interest rates for the long term, fixed-rate mortgage also contributed to the U.S. financial crisis. I dissent about how Mr. Greenspan blamed the outside forces, which the government cannot control, as the reason of the U.S. financial crisis. Interest rate is a very influential and dominant factor in economics.

Selfawareness and Career Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Selfawareness and Career Management - Assignment Example The practical implications are for more progressive career learning, in conditions which enable 'due process' to establish viable bases for both choice and change of mind. This thinking more sharply differentiates careers education from guidance, setting out a strong rationale for the former. It does not replace DOTS, but extends it into a new-DOTS re-conceptualization termed 'career-learning space'. The effectiveness of career learning is determined by its transferable outcomes. New-DOTS thinking resonates with the conditions for transferable learning. There are possibilities here for building a strong consensus between practice, theory and policy. It helps us in exploring our strengths and can identify the areas we really want to develop. These areas can be related to academic abilities, skills or personal characteristics. Understanding what we want to develop, there are numerous ways of going about this. The approach depends on what we want to develop and may vary. ... These areas can be related to academic abilities, skills or personal characteristics. Understanding what we want to develop, there are numerous ways of going about this. The approach depends on what we want to develop and may vary. It is really important to plan the stages of development carefully, setting ourselves small, manageable targets and checking regular progress against them. DISCUSSION A rising trend is to give confidence to employees to develop to be energetically involved in the administration of their own careers. Career self-management, the extent to which one repeatedly collects information and strategy for career crisis solving and verdict making includes two foremost behaviours: developmental advice seeking and job mobility attentiveness. The career surroundings are changing from a customary one that is "bounded" and determined by methodical service relations with one boss to one that is boundary less and more and more self-directed by the member of staff (Arthur & Rousseau, 2006). Over modern decades, the gestures of business restructurings, mergers, acquisition and downsizing have resulted in administrative center trends distinguished by job anxiety, compliment organizations, and smaller quantity promotions (Mirvis & Hall, 2004). As a consequence, even in steady or quick growing firms, employers are more and more powerless (or unwilling) to assure and form ally administer career opportunities (Individual Growth Strategies, 2005). In order to be

Personal information shared on internet- risk or no risk Essay

Personal information shared on internet- risk or no risk - Essay Example For example, information shared involves personal photos taken from smartphones and computers that are GPS embedded allowing other people to determine the individual’s location. Essentially, fraudsters and kidnappers can easily use this kind of information to locate where the owner resides, kidnaping them, and asking for ransom. On the other hand, computer hacking involves infringement on the other peoples privacy and cause destruction of computer-based software, files and, website pages. The hackers have the belief that sharing information is paramount. Hence, it is their ethical duty to facilitate the process of sharing information. The hackers also have a conviction that system cracking is fun. Therefore, exploitation is ethically acceptable. They hold that so long as they have not committed theft or vandalism, the practice is reasonable. Many dangers prevail in the privacy issues. Such dangers include data misuse, unauthorized access to information, child safety risks and bullying, and harmful psychological impacts of OSNs. Despite the dangers associated with internet platforms, people still disclose massive quantities of personal information, which is a risky behaviour. Boyd (2007, p.20), argues that OSNs are public networks with four main properties that do not embrace face-to-face communication, public life, replicability, diligence, searchability, and unseen audiences. These social dynamics in this context are fundamentally different and sophisticate the manner in which people interact. Although the OSNs all have online interfaces that aim for interactions and common communications, patterns of usage and specific goals, differ across varied services (Acquisti and Gross, 2006, p.36). Acquisti and Gross (2006, p.37), note that the commonly used models depend on the presentation of the contributors profiles. They also rely on visualization of the network to others and location of

Governance and Effecting Change in Schools Essay

Governance and Effecting Change in Schools - Essay Example But one must know that laws only can regulate the rights as well as responsibilities of teachers. I disagree with this court decision as the constitution and supreme law of this country is not in favor of forced actions. Teachers ordered their learners to rise and deliver the verses respectfully in unanimity. Moreover, broadcasting class learners in the Abington School District were bound to read the verses over a public-address system. Otherwise, teachers could be fired if they would refuse to participate and pupils occasionally were separated out from others if they did not stick together with others students in the daily reading (Phelps and Lehman, 2005). But Laws regulating schools along with teachers at 3 interrelated levels of federal, state, and local are the part of a larger and complex legal system. Teachers are responsible to understand content they’re anticipated to teach to students. The third case, which was decided in 1943 was West Virginia State board of Education vs. Barnette et. al. It was a case of forced saluting ceremony and the decision in favor of very strict punishment in case any student or teacher decides against that. The appellees were citizens of West Virginia and the United States, and they rightfully disagreed to salute the flag as a compulsion. They were adamant that the flog is an image. This image however sacred cannot be placed above religion or will of the people. On the other hand the education department believed that there are limits to everyone’s authority and symbolism remains a primitive and effective way of communicating ideas (West Virginia state board of Education vs. Barnette, 1943). I agree to the Education department in general that such symbolism teaches and communicates the national values. However, the strict punishments related to it make it a forceful act which might make it fail in serving its purpose. To me it app ears ethically wrong to force anyone to

Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concepts - Essay Example The references that will be used are from Zen studies and its philosophical concepts, and also the famed work of Japan’s famed swordsman Miyamoto Musashi. Zen is the Japanese name of schools that belong to Mahayana Buddhism. Zen emphasizes the role of sitting meditation in pursuing enlightenment for the benefit of others, thus emphasizing compassion. Though considered simply a practice by most of its Western practitioners, Zen is in fact nothing less than a school of Buddhism; thus, it can even be considered a religion. It was only during the last century or so that Zen began to be viewed by Westerners as a philosophy, a way of life, a part of work, an art form, among others. Satori is a Zen philosophical term for reaching enlightenment. The word literally means "to understand." To emphasize further, it refers to "deep" or lasting enlightenment. Satori can be found in all life experiences for it is wrapped in all daily activities. Hence, the goal is to unwrap the meaning behind each moment in able to attain satori. Ross (1960) posited that the â€Å"awakening of Zen is satori, and the satori of Zen is recognizing the real noumenon of a person, his original feature, not necessarily recognizing the real substance of various acts† (p.45). The Zen Buddhist experience commonly recognizes enlightenment as a transitory thing in life, which is similar to the English term epiphany, and satori is the realization of a state of such epiphany as enlightenment. Since all things are regarded as transitory according to Zen philosophy, the transitory nature of satori is not limiting. On the contrary, such epiphany has a tremendous effect on Western philosophical u nderstanding of enlightenment. The transitory nature of satori owes much to the influences of Taoism on Chan Buddhism in China, from which the Japanese Zen came from. Taoism is a mystical philosophy that emphasizes the purity and importance of the moment. This emphasis on the importance of

Provide an analysis of 3models of health and demonstrate which is the Essay

Provide an analysis of 3models of health and demonstrate which is the most effective mpdel to use when working with young people - Essay Example For example, prostate cancer is an ailment affecting middle aged and elderly males, while breast and ovarian cancer is exclusively a disease affecting women. Similarly, diabetes, gout and obesity are diseases affecting the sedentary population. Likewise, there are also some diseases which society regards specifically as the diseases and ailments of the youth- the foremost among them being drug abuse, alcoholism and AIDS, to name a few. It is therefore imperative that the youth of a society or a country be cared for under a national initiative like health policies for the youth. This paper will explore the history and relatively recent efforts made by the Department of Health UK and other ancillary organizations in the last decade towards promoting the health, safety and security of our youth population in the UK. We will be looking at three models of youth care and intervention-the biomedical model, the political model and the quality of life model, describing each and comparing and evaluating which one is the best to use in the UK for the purpose of protecting the health and stability of our youth. Identifying Key Issues within Youth Health Care It has been estimated that as much as 20 percent of the population of the world comprises its youth. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) is the name of the public health service while the Department of Health (DOH) is the Government based organization entrusted with matters regarding public health policy. It also issues warnings about disease prevention and control, makes health information commonly available and undertakes other initiatives as needed for the safety and protection of the general health of the UK population. Recently the DOH has started an initiative that makes its services more user friendly towards the youth. Specifically this covers ten different areas, namely accessibility, publicity, confidentiality and consent, environment, staff training, skills, attitudes and values, joined-up working, young people’s involvement in monitoring and evaluation of patient experience; health issues for young people; sexual and reproductive health services, and specialist and targeted child and adolescent mental health services. This initiative has started in the backdrop of the successful Getting It Right for Teenagers program run for doctors and hospitals in practice. The hospitals and health centers have been directed to undertake a self review and evaluate themselves in terms of readiness or completeness in meeting the above criteria. Importance of the Health Needs of Young People According to a report published in 2007, youth and adolescents in the UK are engaging in risky behaviour that compromises their own health and well being to a disproportionately high level when compared to youth in other countries. The incidence of UK teenagers risking their health through smoking, drug and alcohol use, unsafe sex and becoming parents in their teenage years if taken together far sur passes that of any other country in the developed world. In particular, sections of the youth under the age of 15 having been drunk or having had sexual intercourse frequently without the use of a condom are the highest in the UK. It is not surprising that children born to young women between the ages 15 and 19 happen most frequently in Britain relative to other developed nations. Although these figures only represent part of the

Explain, with reference to decided cases and statutory provisions, the Essay

Explain, with reference to decided cases and statutory provisions, the extent to which terms may be implied into both a contract for sale of goods and a contract of employment - Essay Example Simply put, if you promise that you will do something for another person and in return, that person agrees to pay you something, then you and that person have made a contract. A contract can be in verbal or written form but the most important thing is that there would be an agreement especially between two parties. Likewise, according to the labour laws of many countries, both the worker and the employee are bound by certain statutory regulations that would ensure that no party will breach the agreed contract. Indeed, when a person has decided to enter into an agreement with someone, both parties should have a common ground of understanding of the nature of the contract they would be agreeing upon so as to avoid conflict and misunderstanding in the future. There different factors that are taken into consideration when forming a valid contract between two parties. The most important thing in the formation of a valid contract is that there must be an agreement between the parties involved. There should be mutual understanding between the two parties involved so as to avoid unnecessary conflict in the future. Each party is expected to be very clear about the terms and conditions of the contract otherwise it may be invalid if the other party involved is not aware of the contents of the agreement. Forming an agreement is based on the notion that each party is aware of the contractual obligations to fulfil which are legally binding. Another key element for the formation of a valid contract is its legality. A valid contract ought to conform to the norms and values of the society. For instance, if a person promises to steal something in order to get payment in return, then this contract is unacceptable since it is against the societal norms a nd values. The parties entering into a contract should have the legal power to do so. In any given scenario, minors may not enter into a valid contract with adults since it

Developing Good Work Habits Essay Example for Free

Developing Good Work Habits Essay During the early school years, students must begin to develop good work habits including preparing for schoolwork, organizing time and effort, and developing effective study skills. As students continue into middle school and high school their success depends, to a large degree, on refining and sustaining these work habits. Time management, organizational skills, and efficient study skills become especially important by this stage. Students who are able to develop and maintain good work habits are in a position to succeed – to learn what needs to be learned, and to become confident students. Getting started on assignments in school and at home requires students to engage their attentional abilities. Students must be alert to the task at hand, possibly shifting focus to a new activity, and have the mental effort necessary to initiate the task. Students who are able to preview, or think about the outcomes of a task before beginning, are helped in many ways. They can have an idea of what a report will be like once a topic is selected, what materials will be necessary to do an assignment, etc. In addition, students who have a strong sense of step-wisdom – knowing how tasks or activities can be broken down into a series of steps, will be able to determine the first step needed to get started on an assignment. There is an optimal rate for accomplishing most tasks. A competent student is often a well-paced student, performing at a rate appropriate to the task and available time. Taking the appropriate amount of time for a task is largely dependent upon both a student’s temporal-sequential skills and his/her attentional abilities. Temporal-sequential skills help us interpret, retain, or create information that is in serial order. These skills are related to a student’s ability to appreciate time in general and estimate time appropriately. Tempo control (a facet of attention) helps students regulate the allocation of time to the task at hand, and predict the time required for an upcoming task. Tempo control also instills a sense of â€Å"step-wisdom†, the knowledge that it is more effective to undertake activities in a series of steps, rather than all at once. Tempo control allows a student to match his/her pacing to the demands of a given task, e. g. , to take the right amount of time to finish an essay test, to do a homework assignment thoroughly yet efficiently, etc. For many students, time is their most precious resource. Making the most of the time they have enables students to be as efficient and successful as possible, leading a balanced life of work and play. A clear understanding of time is required for students to manage their own time effectively, e. g. , plan long term projects, organize schedules, etc. As such, time management skills are an important component of a student’s success – in school and beyond. In order to meet assignment deadlines and to keep up with schedules related to school and schoolwork, students must engage their temporal-sequential ordering abilities. These skills help us interpret, retain, or create information that is in a serial order. Students with strong temporal-sequential ordering skills are able to manage their schedules, organize their work, and make efficient use of their time. Such students are also able to avoid procrastination (putting off a task that must be done). For students with weak time management skills, procrastination can have painful consequences, affecting both academic and personal success. In order to complete assignments for school, students must develop their cognitive working capacity. That is, students must learn to initiate and maintain the mental effort needed to complete tasks and activities. The ability to manage one’s effort is closely linked to academic productivity and success. A strong capacity for work enables students to delay gratification and to persevere through tasks that take considerable energy. It also helps them sustain their effort when information is worthy of attention, even though not immediately exciting, such as when studying a chapter they will be tested on the next day, or reading the instructions for a science experiment. Developing good organizational behaviors can play a key role in efficient school performance. School is much easier for students who know how to organize themselves, their materials, and their work space. Having effective organizational tactics will continue to be a valuable asset throughout a students education and career. Being ready to learn often means being prepared for the next activity, having to shift gears from one task to another, and having all the necessary materials on hand. In order to develop this aspect of learning readiness, students must engage their attentional abilities (especially that of previewing), as well as their memory skills. Through previewing, a student is able to look ahead and be prepared to deal with upcoming circumstances, challenges, and academic tasks. For example, previewing helps students prepare for a test, get ready for an upcoming class, and smoothly transition from one activity to the ext. In addition, students who preview are able to determine which materials are needed for a task and to remember to have those materials on hand. As a result, they are better prepared for activities and better able to follow through on assignments. Staying organized for school requires a student to have strong spatial abilities as well as a strong memory. To efficiently keep track of school materials and assignments, for example, students must have an internal sense of how things should be organized. In order to follow through on school-related tasks, such as turning in homework and bringing the right books to class, students must be able to remember where these items are, as well as remember to have the items on hand when needed! Maintaining a good study space is important to every student’s success. Students must have appropriate environments in which to learn and study, both at school and at home. Setting up and keeping an organized work space requires that students have strong spatial abilities. Such abilities help a student arrange a consistent place for storing school books, organize a desk drawer, keep a desk clear of clutter, etc.

Pathophysiology of Huntington Disease

Pathophysiology of Huntington Disease George Huntington first described Huntington Disease in 1872 as coming on gradually but surely, increasing by degrees, and often occupying years in its development until the hapless sufferer is but a quivering wreck of his former self (Visser, 2010). Huntington disease is an inherited genetic disorder, which causes the progressive degeneration of selected nerve cells in the brain. This degeneration of nerve cells results in impairment of both mental capability and physical control which results in death (Visser, 2010). This essay will look at the pathophysiology of Huntington disease in relation to the possible signs and symptoms. While also identifying the risk factors and examining the relevant tests available with regards to screening, diagnosing and monitoring treatment within New Zealand. It will then further explore the treatment options available in New Zealand and treatment developments worldwide. Pathophysiology of Huntington disease in relation to signs and symptoms Huntington disease is caused by a genetic fault in a small section located on chromosome 4, which encodes a protein called Huntington (Porth, 2011). However, the function of the Huntington protein is still unknown, yet this protein appears to be important to neurons in the brain (Visser, 2010). This genetic fault results in a segment of DNA, known as a CAG trinucleotide repeat, this segment of DNA is made up of a series of DNA building blocks cytosine, adenine and guanine that appear multiple times in a row (Visser, 2010). The normal copy of this gene contains 6 to 35 copies of the trinucleotide repeat, compared to the faulty gene which contains 40 to 120 copies of the trinucleotide repeat resulting in this gene producing an expansion of Huntington’s gene (Porth, 2011). The larger number of trinucleotide repeats is generally associated with an earlier onset of Huntington’s’ disease. This is shown as adults with Huntington’s disease generally have 40-50 tri nucleotide repeats where people with the juvenile form of this disorder tend to have more than 50 trinucleotide repeats (Visser, 2010). Also, Visser (2010) suggests that due to the elongation of the CAG trinucleotide segment, the segment gains a toxic function that disrupts the normal function of neurons and eventually leads to the death of neurons. Cells are known as building blocks of life that use energy to carry out biological functions, while also producing oxidants that can potentially damage themselves; Yet, these cells can make such chemicals harmless (Visser, 2010). Current studies suggests that the protein Huntington somehow prevents the brain cells from protecting themselves against the toxic chemicals which results in Huntington’s disease causing the localized death of brain and spinal cord cells (Porth, 2011). Basal ganglia are the first neurons to be affected by Huntington disease; these neurons are associated with a variety of functions that modulate motor movements, emotions, cognitive and learning abilities (Porth, 2011). Therefore the deteriation of basal ganglia results in many symptoms which commonly occur around 35 and 55 years of age, however these symptoms will progressively get worse which results in the individual passing away in around 10-20 years (Porth, 2011). There are early signs and symptoms of Huntington disease which include uncontrolled muscular movements, memory problems and mood changes (Visser, 2010). Yet, these symptoms quickly develop into serious motor impairment conditions such as eye movement disorders, spasticity, dysphagia, dysarthria, myoclonus, and the main impairment chorea which involves rapid, jerking movements that the individual has no control over (Porth, 2011). As Huntington disease develops it results in a cognitive decline, mental slowing which is the inability to remember people and to make decisions for oneself (Porth, 2011). This can all eventually lead to dementia. There are many factors that influence behavioural symptoms which include stress about the disease, family relationships, and as the pathways through the basal ganglia become disconnected which results in a loss of frontal lobe functions (Visser, 2010). The major behavioural symptom is depression with 30% of individuals with Huntington disease exper iencing major depressive or dysthymic disorders and 6% resulting in suicide (Porth, 2011). Other behavioural symptoms such as personality changes results in the individual appearing to have no interest in life or the individual having increased anger and irritability which further links to impulsive actions and violence, these actions can cause stress in relationships between family members (Visser, 2010). Risk Factors of Huntington disease Everyone receives two copies of each gene which are singularly known as alleles, one from each parent, that are present in all cells of the body (Lemiere, 2004). Therefore most individuals are born with two normal copies of each allele (Lemiere, 2004). However in the case of hereditary disorders specifically Huntington’s disease, an individual is born with one normal gene and a gene defect which is called a mutation (Lemiere, 2004). Huntington disease has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern which means that a child of a parent who carries the mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation (Frank, 2014). If the child inherits the mutation the child will develop Huntington’s disease some point in the individual’s life, and can also pass it on to their children. But if the individual does not inherit the mutation then they cannot pass it on to their children (Frank, 2014). Yet, there are also rare cases where individuals develop Huntington’s disea se, without a family history of the condition (Visser, 2010). This generally happens because of a genetic mutation during the father’s sperm development (Visser, 2010). However, there is a process where fertilized embryos can be tested for Huntington’s disease prior to the embryos being implanted within a mother’s womb called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (Christian, 2007). This technique allows the parent that carries the Huntington’s disease to avoid passing the genetic condition to their children (Christian, 2007). Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is completed through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) where the mother’s egg is fertilized with the father’s sperm outside the body (Christian, 2007). The eggs then develop into embryos, after three days of being cultured in the laboratory the technique of embryo biopsy is performed, this test checks the embryo for the Huntington’s disease and therefore all the embryos are then implanted back into the mother (Christian, 2007). New Zealand has been ethically approved for pre-implantation genetic diagnosis however this is only under special circumstances (Chris tian, 2007). The government only funds pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for 40 couples a year with one single attempt at pregnancy; this funding includes all serious genetic conditions (Christian, 2007). Relevant diagnostic, screening and monitoring tests in New Zealand Genetic tests are an example of a diagnostic as it is a procedure performed that establishes if an individual has the presence or absence of Huntington’s disease (Lyon, 2013). Individuals that have symptomatic symptoms of Huntington’s disease may be recommended by health care professionals to undertake a genetic test for the faulty Huntington gene (Visser, 2010). However, there is also predictive DNA testing which is for asymptomatic individuals with a 50% chance of developing Huntington’s disease, these individuals are tested to see if they will be affected or not by the faulty gene in adulthood (Visser, 2010). Both of these genetic tests are accomplished in the same way and can be done in Auckland laboratory (Lyon, 2013). Genetic testing is done by DNA being extracted from the individual’s blood sample, and then the DNA being purified (Lyon, 2013). A technique called polymerase chain reaction is then implicated to locate the two Huntington genes, once fo und millions of exact copies are made for further analysis (Lyon, 2013). This further analysing is when the DNA is sorted by size to determine the number of CAG repeats in each gene. The three outcomes to the test are based on the CAG repeats (Lyon, 2013). If an individual receives a negative test it means the CAG repeat size is 30 or less and therefore the individual is not at risk of developing Huntingtons disease, but if an individual receives a positive test it means the CAG repeat size is 40 or more and the individual will develop Huntington’s disease generally in adulthood (Lyon, 2013). However if an individual receives uninformative it mean the CAG repeat is in the immediate range between 31-39 and is unclear if the individual will develop Huntington’s disease (Lyon, 2013). Other tests available are known as screening this is where a series of tests are used to predict the presence of disease in individuals at risk (Lemiere, 2004). These tests include neurological examinations, along with structural and functional imaging. Neurological examinations are performed by a neurologist, which intensively interviews an individual to obtain the medical history and rule out other possible medical conditions (Lemiere, 2004). Some key aspects neurologists use to identify Huntington’s disease include taking a family history as Huntington disease is an inherited disorder and taking note of reflexes, muscle strength and eye movements as some of the earliest manifestations of the disease are â€Å"subtle chorea, eye movement and fine motor abnormalities† (Lemiere, 2004). However, Lemiere (2004) suggests that the Huntington gene defect may influence brain function and behaviour during asymptomatic years, this research has been conducted using presymptomati c individuals who have a positive gene defect. These individuals had a volume reduction of â€Å"30.9% for the caudate, 29.3% for the globus pallidus and 25.7% for the putamen† (Lemiere, 2004) compared to individuals with a negative gene defect from offspring of Huntington disease patients (Lemiere, 2004). This research shows that the decline of basal ganglia occurs gradually before the onset of Huntington disease symptoms (Lemiere, 2004). Therefore healthcare professionals can use MRI and CT scans of the brain to help determine if patients have Huntington’s disease (Lemiere, 2004). The monitoring of treatment is extremely important in Huntington’s disease and dependently relies on the motor, behavioural and cognitive aspects of the individual (Frank, 2014). After the onset of Huntington disease the individuals’ functional abilities gradually worsen over time due to the Huntington gene mutation that causes a localized death of neurons which helped to regulate the motor movements, emotional and cognitive abilities (Frank, 2014). The loss of these abilities requires the individual to seek help for all activities of daily care, yet later in the disease the individual will be confined to a bed with the inability to speak (Frank, 2014). This gradual decline of the individuals’ condition makes it important for health care professional to monitor the individuals’ treatments and adjust the treatment accordingly to the disease progress (Frank, 2014). Further, the drugs used in treatment of Huntington’s disease has the potential to cause significant side effects that can worsen symptoms of the disease (Frank, 2014). Therefore it is critically important for health care professionals to monitor the risk- benefit ratio effect the treatment has on an individual (Frank, 2014). Treatment available in New Zealand and further treatment developments worldwide Currently, there is no cure for Huntington disease, but medications, psychotherapy, speech and physical therapy can be implemented to help minimize symptoms while also allowing the individual to adapt to their condition (Frank, 2014). Medications to help treat movement disorders in New Zealand include Xenazine this medication helps to suppress chorea, but has possible side effects of aggravating depression (Frank, 2014). Also, the use of certain antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol and clozapine can help alleviate choreic movements and further controlling hallucinations and violent outbursts, but the possible side effects can worsen dystonia and muscle rigidity (Frank, 2014). Due to the loss of frontal lobe functions as an effect of the disease, there needs to be increased psychiatric support for individuals with Huntington’s disease (Visser, 2010). This support can come from medications that support depression such as antidepressants which include fluoxetine, sertraline and esctislopram (Frank, 2014). This treatment of depression can further help to improve the symptoms of sleep disturbance, social withdrawal and lack of interest in general life (Frank, 2014). However, using antidepressants can include the side effects of insomnia, diarrhoea, nausea and sexual problems (Frank, 2014). Other medications to help individuals can be antipsychotic and mood stabilizing drugs which help to supress violent outbursts, highs and low mood swings, the common side effects of these medications include weight gain, tremor and gastrointestinal problems (Frank, 2014). Psychologists can provide talking therapy for an individual with Huntington disease, this therapy allows the individual to understanding the conditions effects, while further discussing the problems and feeling the individual has (Frank, 2014). Such problems the individual could be concerned about are talking, eating and swallowing this is because Huntington disease impairs the control of muscles of the mouth and throat (Frank, 2014). A speech therapist can address these issues and improve the individual’s ability of communication by implementation communication devices (Frank, 2014). Physical therapy is also an important part of Huntington disease as the exercises provide help improve strength, balance and coordination, which further results in the individual maintain mobility for as long as possible and minimizing the possible falls (Frank, 2014). Even though there is no treatment the research field is still dynamic there are a high number of on-going or recently completed studies in relation to Huntington disease (Frank, 2014). Also, in the USA there has been a break through approach called gene-silencing (Carrol, 2013). This approach relies on the fact that DNA is not directly copied from the protein, but is made up from a chemical RNA first; this RNA message is chopped up and thereby stops the cell making the Huntington protein (Carrol, 2013). Although this approach does not stop the individual from carrying the Huntington disease and, therefore the individual can still pass the gene on, this approach stops making the protein that attacks the brain cells (Carrol, 2013). Another breakthrough development happened in the UK this is of a tool called CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) that targets and cuts out specific small pieces of RNA (Carrol, 2013). This tool is used in the approach genome ed iting. This approach is different to gene silencing as it corrects the defect, which results in the individual not having the genetic defect and therefore produce babies without Huntington disease (Carrol, 2013).

The Role Of Teaching Grammar In School

The Role Of Teaching Grammar In School In the past, in a traditional classroom, grammatical competence and explicit knowledge of language rules were emphasized. Grammar teaching held such an essential part in language teaching that other aspects became either ignored or downplayed. People assumed that if the grammatical rules of a language were mastered, the success of communication in that language was ensured (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.145). Therefore, at that time this assumption required learners to pay much attention to grammar rules, sentence structures and forms. Every leaners, even children at a very young age, were made to study the complicated rules of grammar (Dash, 2007, p.91). This viewpoint inherits in itself several weaknesses. Dash also pointed out one of them, saying that modern educationists believe although a pupil has known all the grammar rules, he or she still makes the most elementary mistakes in grammar. Moreover, increased knowledge in grammar doesnt help students to increase the ability to use english correctly (p. 92). If learners just spend years learning only the formal properties of the language, they cannot exchange information, express ideas or feelings. To be able to communicate, they must learn grammatical rules in real communication. That is the reason why though students can do excellent exercises after studying grammar lesson, their ability to speak may not be improved. It is traditional grammar teaching that led to failure in communication. Acknowledging the imperfection of traditional view of grammar, things began to change in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is argued that to be a competent user of a language, one needs to knows not only the rules of grammar, but also how the rules are used in real communication (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.145). During this period, grammar teaching became less important or in some cases was abandoned. Many other teaching methods which were sought to replace traditional language teaching such as Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Functional grammar and Consciousness-raising mainly focused on how to use it communicatively. To replace traditional grammar practice, Consciousness-raising is offered. Consciousness-raising, also known as awareness-raising, is part of the process a learner can go through with new language. Students first become aware or conscious of the new language, then recognise and distinguish it, then produce it. Through Consciousness-raising, learners will develop an explicit knowledge of the grammar of the language which facilitates their ability to communicate (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.146. Opposite to traditional approaches, the goal of teaching grammar in a consciousness-raising is to instil correct grammatical patterns and habits directly through carefully-designed activities. This means it is not always a must to teach grammar points explicitly. Learners may also be led to grammatical rules implicitly. Nevertheless, this method has its own limitations. Because this method requires thinking much, it may not be appropriate for young learners and beginners, or others who prefe r learning by practising to thinking may dislike it. In addition, the aim of this method is helping learners to know about the language and it does not emphasize on immediate language use. Consequently, it may take a long time for the learners to be able to communicate in L2 spontaneously. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) mainly focused on the communicative process and the negociation of meaning between participants. Learners need to know not only forms but also meanings and functions.That is, according to Hymes (1971), in CLT they will develop communicative competence, knowing when to say what to whom and how. (Freeman, 2002, p.121). Therefore, the activities in CLT are often meaningful tasks which involve real communication such as: language games, picture strip story,role play..etc. Though this is an effective approach of teaching grammar communicatively, it is believed to fill the gap in traditional grammar between forms and usage indirectly. The reason is that it does not necessarily deal with grammar sytematically. Actually, when communicative approaches are adopted, they are often represented as a combination of traditional grammar with communicative enhancements. (Hinkel and Fotos, 2002, p.79) Another approach related to CLT is teaching functional grammar. It is a general theory of the organization of natural language developed by Simon C. Dik, Michael Halliday and others. In general, the difference between functional approaches and traditional approaches is their focus. Functional approaches primarily focus on the communicative aspect of language in a particular context while traditional grammar focus on rules and syntax. According to this method, a given language form cannot guarantee an effective communicative skill without referring to the circumstances because some forms of expression may be appropriate while the others are not. Therefore, this way of teaching grammar provides leaners with good knowledge of using the right forms in different situations. Nonetheless, though representing an important advance in tying grammar to meaningful functions (Hinkel and Fotos, 2002, p.79), it causes some difficulty for learners. For instance, systemic functional grammar developed by Halliday mainly deals with meaning in context, it is often more complex than traditional grammar in terms of labels while traditional grammar is more concerned with rules. Therefore, it may take time to learn functional grammar. After a period in which the role of grammar declined, in recent years it has regained its rightful place in the language curriculum (Richards and Renandya, 2002, p.145). Now people realize that grammar is very important to the leaners language development. Teaching grammar in classroom today In today classroom, though there are many methods for teaching grammar, some teachers still prefer traditional grammar because it does not require much of the their language competence beyond the texbook. (Ho, 2007, p.28). This method is also supported by public attitudes. People assume that in public high schools teachers will teach good grammar for student success. Therefore, traditional grammar teaching is still widely accepted. There are others who believe an integrated method may be a good choice. In sum, until now there is no conclusion which is the best method in teaching grammar and methodologists are still doing researchs to find as many effective ways as possible.

A Waste Of Talent :: essays research papers

On his tenth birthday Jim Walker was introduced to the game of basketball by receiving a basketball from his uncle Mark Walker. Jim acted as if he loved the gift to please his uncle but really expected more from him. Jim never really played basketball at this age because he would rather spend his time doing things most other ten year olds did like riding bicycles and playing with G.I. Joes. On the same birthday Jim’s mother, Althea gave him ankle weights. She gave him this because she realized her son had a talent, which was jumping high, hoping this talent would payoff for both of them in the future. Jim and his family were not very wealthy living in the Harlem projects were drugs and constant violence plagued the neighborhood so he didn’t really receive many other gifts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With these two gifts in hand he started playing basketball at the local parks developing his game. He would play and practice with the ankle weights on, realizing he like playing and was pretty good at the game. At the age of thirteen he was playing a full court pick up game at a local park with a group of older guys. While coming down the basketball court at the height of five feet four inches Jim dunked on one of the older kids he was playing with. Word got around neighborhood that there was a thirteen year old who could dunk on the standard ten foot basketball rim in the park. People started to respect Jim because of his basketball skills. He also started getting girls because of his skills and off the court began hanging out with a bad crowd doing drugs and not doing his schools work. Sometimes as a bet and to show off exactly how high he could jump he would snatch money that was placed on the top of backboard rims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim was then recruited by a very good New York City preparatory school. Jim and the other members of the basketball team were giving preferential treatment because of their good record. They were allowed to get away with murder. The coach of the basketball team made sure Jim’s work was done and showed him ways to cheat on tests. One day the track coach approached Jim and asked him to join the track team to high and long jump for him.

Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

Based on his thoughts and actions, how would you describe Caesar? In Act II Julius Caesar is barraged with warnings to stay home and not go to the Senate, but he ignores them. Calpurnia, his spouse, tells of a dream she had and fears for Caesar's safety. The priests also warn Caesar. However, Decius is able to persuade Caesar to go to the Senate that morning. Considering his actions and thoughts in Act II, Caesar is a ruler who rejects superstitions and is concerned about how he is perceived by others. As scene 2 opens, there is a thunder storm that sets an eerie tone. Calpurnia reveals her dream to Caesar and expresses concern for his safety. She then warns Caesar to stay home. Julius replies that the work of the mighty gods can not be avoided. He also contends that death is inescapable and therefore he will go to the Senate. His servant thereupon returns with the news that the priests likewise warn Caesar not to go out that morning. Caesar also discards the advice of the priests and asserts his bravery and superiority over others. Eventually, Calpurnia persuades him to stay at home. This shows Caesar as a man who is willing to set aside his priorities to please his wife. Once Decius enters Julius is content to stay home. However, Decius manipulates Calpurnia's dream into a positive one and starts to question Caesar's manhood and power because he is afraid of the hallucinations of his wife. Caesar is now afraid and concerned of what the senators will think of him and fears that will see him as weak. This convinces Caesar to dismiss the warnings of his wife and the priests and go to the Senate. From his statements Caesar first concedes to his wife but once his considers the thoughts of others about him he decides to 'save face' and attend the senate. Compare and contrast the motives that Brutus and Cassius have for wanting to kill Caesar. Brutus and Cassius, both conspirators against Caesar both have dramatically different views on the reasons why Caesar should be assassinated. Brutus is a main of morals, reason and honor while Cassius is deceitful and manipulative. Brutus seeks to glorify Rome and avoid tyranny by assassinating Caesar. Cassius wants to destroy his enemy and severely dislikes being under the control of a tyrant. As leaders in the Senate, Brutus and Cassius confederate to assassinate

George Orwells 1984 :: essays research papers

GEORGE ORWELL'S 1984 THE BOOK 1984 BY GEORGE ORWELL IS ABOUT A MAN NAMED WINSTON SMITH. HE LIVES IN THE COUNTRY OF OCEANIA. IN THIS COUNTRY EVERY THING IS CONTROLLED BY A PARTY NAMED THE BIG BROTHER. THIS PARTY CONTROLLS EVERY THING FROM FOOD RATIONS TO WHAT PEOPLE CAN THINK. THEY EVEN HAVE TELLASCREANS EVERY WHERE SO THEY CAN WATCH PEOPLE AT ALL TIMES. WINSTON WORKS IN NEWSPEAK. NEWSPEAK IS WERE THEY EVENT SIMPILAR WORDS SO THEY CAN ELEMINATE OTHER WORDS TO MAKE THE LANGUAGE SIMPILIAR. WINSTON LIVES A PRETTY NORMAL LIVE UNTILL HE JOINS A UNDERGROUND PARTY CALLED THE BROTHERHOOD. HE JOINS THIS BECAUSE HE DOES NOT BELIEVE IN WHAT THE BIG BROTHER IS DOING AND HE THINKS IT IS WRONG. THE BROTHERHOOD IS AGAINST THE BIG BROTHER AND IS TRYING TO END ITS POWER. IN THIS PARTY THEY TELL WINSTON EVERY THING THE BIG BROTHER IS NOT TELLING THEM THINGS LIKE WHO OCEANIA IS REALLY AT WAR WITH AND EVERY THING THAT THE BIG BROTHER HAD BEEN LYING TO THEM ABOUT. IN THIS PARTY WINSTON MEETS A GIRL NAMED JULIA. OVER A PERIOD OF TIME THEY FALL IN LOVE. THEY HAVE SEX FOR A LONG TIME BUT HAVING SEX IS ILLEGAL IN OCEANIA. SO THEY HAVE TO HIDE.THEY FIND A SPOT IN THE FORREST WHERE NO ONE KNOWS ABOUT SO THEY WONT GET CAUGHT. AFTER A FEW MONTHS THEY FIND A BETTER SPOT THAT THEY RENTED FROM A FREIND. THEY USED THIS PLACE FOR A FEW MONTHS. UNTILL ONE NIGHT WHEN THEY FELL A SLEEP AND IN THE MORNING THEY WOKE UP TO THE POLICE TAKING THE TO JAIL. THEY TAKE THEM TO A PLACE WHERE THEY ARE QUESTIONED AND INNTERRIAGATED UNTILL THEY BREAK DOWN AND CONFESS. THEY ARE TAKING THERE AND TORRTURED AND BRAIN WASHED UNTILL THEY BELIVE WHAT THE PARTY TELLS THEM. THEY USED THE THING WINSTON WAS MOST AFRAID OF AND THATS RATS. SEEING THE RATS MADE HIM YELL OUT DONT

Aquinas Epistemology and God Essay

Introduction:The scientific developments of the renaissance were powerful and they stimulate new ways of thought that one can be tempted to disregard any role medieval thinking plays in the general development of both renaissance and post renaissance philosophy up till today. It would be a mistake to take it that Descartes, Locke achieved a total radical break from the past and inaugurated a completely new philosophical era. One cannot understand scholars like Descartes or Locke without having some real knowledge of medieval thinking. Thus, in this essay, I wish to show that Aquinas, a thinker of the middle ages, thought on knowledge is of permanent value and that it deserves respect and due consideration for today’s discourse of philosophy. Aquinas Theory on Knowledge: His philosophy is based on the premise that knowledge and being are correlates. â€Å"In so far a thing is, it is knowable and in this resides its ontological truth. † Thus, the Thomistic theory of knowledge is a realist theory. It plays an integral part in his metaphysics and philosophy of being. Aquinas is not interested in the problem of objective as we have it in modern thinking and today rather, he is much more interested in how we acquire our knowledge and put them to use. Simply put, he investigates the process of knowledge. He identified three levels of acquiring knowledge namely: sense-experience, imaginations or ideations and intellection. Aquinas thus made an important contribution to epistemology, recognising the central part played by sense perception in human cognition. It is through the senses that we first become acquainted with existent, material things. Sense experience is contact with material things through the senses which supplies materials for the formation of ideas in imagination upon which understanding climbs to contemplate. It is thus a misconception to suppose that the fundamental role of sense perception was a discovery of the classical British empiricist. It is a synthesis of Aquinas’ Aristotelian view of knowledge. As a matter of fact, Aquinas laid more stress on sense perception as the first and unique source of knowledge than the British empiricist because he identified sense perception as the initial source of knowledge than reflection and introspection. â€Å"For a man perceives that he has a soul, and lives and exists by the fact that he perceives by the senses†. This source of knowledge for Aquinas is responsible for his five ways that he uses to prove God’s existence from the material world. He did not accept Anselm’s ontological proof because, he argues that self evident truths, such as God’s existence in which its attributes belong necessarily to the subject , may not be fruits of experience but experience makes man to be conscious of them. That is another reason where he differs from radical British empiricist. He argues based on his arguments for God that â€Å"in as far as God is manifested in and through the beings of the sensible world, as the necessary source,†¦ the embodied human intellect is capable of proceeding beyond sense to know the source of a non-dependent, non-conditioned absolute being called God. † He sees the intellect as capable of penetrating through the unanalysed superficiality of sensation. Agreeing with Aristotle, he admits that knowledge is obtained through two stages of operation, sensitive and intellective, which are intimately related to one another. The intellect does attain ideas from the material that is presented to it by the senses to extend beyond the world of the senses. The two cognitive faculties, the sense and intellect, are naturally capable of acquiring knowledge proper to them. Thus, for Aquinas, it is man’s initiative to know through his makeup although such make up is sustained by God. This sustenance by God makes him to make the proper distinction between faith and reason as sources of knowledge. Truths of faith are revealed truth such as trinity and truths of the scripture. But truths of reason must be perceived and abstracted upon. St. Thomas insistently repeats â€Å"reason gathers truth on the ground of intrinsic evidence, while faith accepts truths based on the authority of the word of God. Therefore, there are two types of wisdom namely philosophical –highest activity of man’s intellect and theological- super science or revealed truth. This distinction is essential to today’s view or tension between science and religion. According to Paul Tillich, â€Å"neither scientific nor historical truth can affirm or negate the truth of faith. The truth of faith can not negate nor affirm scientific or historical truth too†. This is because, their objects are different. Truths of faith are revealed and not available to the senses while that of science is purely experiential based. Thus, they do not contradict each other. Nonetheless, both faith and reason can assist each other. According to Aquinas, faith can act as organ which helps reason to reach its final direction, the supreme truth which is God, â€Å"because God is in the highest degree of immateriality, he occupies the highest place in knowledge†. This led him to explain the value of knowledge and its truth, which is the ultimate goal of the intellect in perceiving and abstracting ideas. He noted that the intellect through a vigilant control of the senses can guarantee the formation of the sense representations. The intellect acquires truth when it gives value to the representations and ideas it forms in phantasm. â€Å"For Aquinas all the data of sense knowledge and all intelligible things are essentially true. † Truth consists in the equality of the intellect with its object, and such concordance is always found, both in sensitive cognition and in the idea. Error may exist in the judgment, since it can happen that a predicate may be attributed to a subject to which it does not really belong. Besides the faculty of judgment, Aquinas also admits the faculty of discursive reasoning, which consists in the derivation of the knowledge of particulars from the universal. Deductive, syllogistic demonstration must be carried out according to the logical relationships which exist between two judgments. In this process consists the science which the human intellect can construct by itself, without recourse either to innate ideas or to any particular illumination. This error free judgment for Aquinas, is proper to the being which is the supreme fundamental and greatest perfection permeating all things and giving them consistency and reality. Thus, each thing exists in its participation in Being. The true representation is received when the intellect gathers the Being of beings. Meanwhile, some truth can be received although not perfect, when the data is abstracted by the intellect. The dilemma of knowledge search today is explained by Thomistic epistemology recourse to revealed truth. Thomas claimed that human reason is naturally led to knowledge – from sense experience through phantasm to intellection- to knowing truth and know all truths, whether it is the material world, spiritual world, speculative, practical, political, moral or educational truth etc. But it meets with difficulties which include passions, sentiments, complexity of objects etc. This obstacle is more serious in terms of religious or moral truths because of their abstract nature. Nonetheless, reason has the ability to reach higher grounds to know God – the supreme truth- his attributes, existence but these obstacles are removed by God’s assistance or intervention to furnish human reason with a clearer manifestation of his being. The ultimate threshold of knowledge alone can give light to the mind to reach him. Thus, he introduces faith in his epistemology though at the end. The ordinary organ of knowledge is reason enabled through immediate evidence of experience but faith comes in when there are obstacles to assist reason to reach quickly as possible its final threshold, supreme truth. â€Å"Faith will tell us Christ is present when our human senses fail†. Conclusion: The limitation Aquinas placed on reason due to obstacles in which it needs to be helped by God makes the whole idea of his epistemology a movement to faith. It seems to many that Aquinas argues to God and not for truth in its own sake. Hegel for instance argues that he treated philosophy according to the categories of theology. Bertrand Russell. A Thomism which limits itself to the consideration of material substance as the start of all knowledge proves itself inadequate in age where everything seems beyond our sensual grasp. Again, Thomism didn’t relinquish heritage of truth for the sake of new sides but a one way drive of reason Nonetheless, Aquinas’ epistemology is vital for us because it has consequences for philosophy generally especially in relation to theology. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Aquinas copplestton [ 4 ]. Aquinas copleston [ 6 ]. Age of belif p 150 [ 7 ]. Baptissta mondin p. 306 [ 8 ]. Yeager Hudson p. 12 [ 9 ]. P. 73 yeager hudson [ 11 ]. Benediction hymn composed by Aquinas for the feast of corpus Christi {cf. [ 12 ]. Marin j. walsh.

Personal Identity †Philosophy Essay

It is easy to see oneself as the very(prenominal) mortal we were ten, twenty, or cardinal days ago. We roll in the hay define unmarriedism through our physical presence, life experiences, memories, and kind aw arness of self. One tolerate render our industry as a separate through our existence as a soul. But what ventures us the same someone? In this musical composition, I will repugn for the simple figure of the industry of identity that it is impossible to determine what single topic that makes us the same somebody everywhere time. I will support my rubric with the refutation of the main complex capture claims of the luggage compartment, hit and psychological continuity criterion.entrench in the simple view is the view that face-to-face identity, and the persistence of in the flesh(predicate) identity, cannot be measured through philosophical communication or scientific investigation. There are a number of opposing pipelines, know as complex theori es of own(prenominal) identity. In each of these instructions, the central claim is that either the body, the fountainhead, or the psychological continuity of an soul determines how they persist as the same person (Garrett, 1998, p 52). To identify them complex is a misnomer for each is far too take to properly define and explain personal identity. intricate descent 1 affable continuity John Locke defines a person as a thinking, intelligent being, that has think and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in disparate times and places (Locke, 1689, p 1-6). This evokement suggests that, in order to persist as the same person, we must keep up a psychogenic disposition which persists through time. We can verbalize that a person is psychologically never-ending if they have a intellectual state that is descendent from their previous psychological states.For example, this possible action states that a five-year-old will be the same pers on when they are a 25-year-old, because their mental state in later years is descendent from their earlier years. Counter argument By its very nature, the idea of psychological continuity is flawed. It is not uncommon for an individuals mental state to be changed so drastically that they could not in truth be considered the same person. Several examples have been made by Waller sufferers of cognitive impairments such(prenominal) as dementia, people who have bypast through stressful or traumatic situations, and war eterans that are affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (Waller, 2011, p 198-210).In any of these cases, it would be difficult to advocate that the individual has a continuous mental state more accurate would be to describe them as a kidnap or break that, effectively, creates a new(a) person. The only conclusion is that these individuals do not persist, as their psychological states become radically different from their previous psychological states. mingled a rgument 2 Persistence of the body An early(a) expression of the complex view is the body criterion.Put simply, a person is said to persist if they exist in the same physical body over time. In this case, the previously mentioned dementia or PTSD sufferers would be considered the same people, as their physical body has continued. The system suggests a brute physical relation amidst body and identity (Korfmacher, 2006). Without regard for mental state, an individual is considered to have a immovable personal identity as yen as their body survives. Counter argument This surmisal lends itself easily to thought experiments, and they chop-chop expose some problems.If individual A receives an organ donation from individual B, can it be said that individual A has taken some of Bs identity? Surely not. It would be ill-judged to suggest that having the kidney or liver of other person would affect ones persistence as an individual. Similarly, if individual C had their body tollerd, it would not make their clone the same person. There is overmuch more to personal identity than can be defined by something so comparatively insignificant as the physical body. Complex argument 3 Persistence of the brainThe brain is the functional centre of the man body the place where memories are stored, feelings are felt, and environmental signals are processed. It is unsurprising, in that locationfore, that the brain is so often considered to be the home of personal identity. This theory is a staple of many science fiction texts as a convention, the cognizant brain in a jar or brain transplantation recipient is fairly common. Proponents of this we are our brains theory claim that, so long as the brain persists, so does the person. Counter argumentThis theory seems to refer to consciousness kinda than the physicality of the brain, so it is important to make a clarification amidst the two. Julian Baggini suggests that we should view the relationship between consciousness a nd identity similarly to the relationship between a musical score and the paper it is written on (Baggini, 2005, pp. 112-114). In other words, the brain is simply a retentiveness space for our memories, thoughts, and self-awareness. Should it not, therefore, be so that an individual could simply persist as a brain in a jar, provided they could be sustained in that state?If the sum of personal identity is stored in the brain, there must be no get for the rest of the body beyond guardianship the brain alive. Such a theory could not possibly be on-key life experiences and interactions with the world are such an intrinsic part of identity that we could not persist without them. The theory that consciousness plays a significant role in the persistence of personal identity is appealing, but it can not be said that the brain alone could sustain consciousness.ConclusionTo call the simple view of the persistence of personal identity simple is almost cheapjack deep consideration on the caseful quickly turns towards the complex. It is easy to grasp at the categories of body, brain, and mental state, but it would be slander to say that the persistence of any of those equates to the persistence of an individual. personalised identity is something so much harder to define, and it is harder still to find definitive measures of its continuation. Personal identity is evasive, and fleeting it is intangible, ever-changing. Its persistence is so much more than can be determined.

Dupont Analysis Essay

Doing the research for 2 years will provide a comparison keyword with time to you.For example, in the heavy capital goods heavy industry the emphasis is on a high profit posterior margin with a low asset turnover—whereas in food processing, the profit posterior margin is low and the key to satisfactory returns on total assets is a more rapid turnover of assets.Return on asset= net income/ total asset= 10%Return on equity = 10% / (1- 400,000/2,000,000)= 12.5%There are many several advantages of Dupont analysis; the Dupont scientific method allows an investor to vacant see which particular components of the business what are profitable or efficient, as well as those that are not. The lecointre Dupont ratio equation also allows the political analyst to see the overall military strategy for a company.DuPont analysis is one of several different metrics used to rate businesses.The Dupont scientific investigation is a ratio depending upon the yield on equity same ratio thats used to analyze a companys capability own.

Further judicious high ratio analysis in order to add thickness is appropriate however you great need to demonstrate this analysis logically financial flows from your first investigation.Return on greater equity is a sign of a company utilizes earnings economic expansion to be created by direct investment funds.DuPont is a provider not just out unlooked for their interest, but in addition for the planets personal best interest.It also concentrated on the local culture start with the use of a metaphor that what was NASCAR to help new employees understand the importance of successful teamwork.

Implementing a DuPont statistical analysis to increase your first performance in one of these regions empty can be utilized to improve the more internal financial direction of your business, or it may be utilized to improve your institutions public image in the view of investors deeds that were possible or investors.Equity may be thought of as shareholder equity.Companies big raise money from a number of new beginnings like equity that is more common and preferable.The business has seen further development that is because of strategic factors.

Psychoanalytic Case Study of Preston Essay

Preston was relate each e reallywhere his strong-growing style towards anformer(a)(prenominal) males in and foreign of the radix. He had stalk altercations with his companion, twain of whom lived with their p arnts. Preston was grow at a precise unripened develop. This was a translate wee of his new-fangled sales taboolets. He business organizationed that his emotions would reachively h grey-haired up worse, and that several(prenominal)thing hurtful would reach. In amity with psycho psychoanalysis, Preston was allowed to explore these let spots through and through unthaw standoff. Preston was line of battlen that his unwitting had been covert issues colligate to his proto(prenominal) sufferance. Preston was shown rehabilitative ship vogue to nurture with these issues. Preston come ons to sop up progress in this bea, and is exhibiting slight signs of his earlier issues. psychoanalytical consequence vignette of Preston A concept ualisation and interference design The singleist in this fibre recognise bewilders a deal of symptoms that are taking into custodying his routine life. The individual has some accompanimentors from his puerility that would return to these issues. This study goes to show how the causas puerility has a call for birth to the issues that he is shortly experiencing. The credit of these issues is undeni sufficient in establish for handling to be successfully implemented. Presenting ConcernsPreston baffles himself as miser adequate to(p) from double issues that simulate his everyday life. He claims to cave in issues with forming two relationships with opposite males. He states that he is overtly combative when transactions with these an opposite(prenominal)wise males. His biggest issues draw near when relations with his br separate. Preston was adoptive at a precise spring chicken age, and has incessantly had issues acquire on with this sidekick . This assault has locomote from conscionable traffic with his brother to all males in general. at that place perplex been instances where the jurisprudence prepare been obscure in altercations that Preston has had at al-Qaida. He solicitudes that this go forth continue until he is arrested extracurricular of the home. Preston comfort lives with both of his adopt parents and his brother.Preston has declared that he is unceasingly vying for his parents precaution, and his onslaught add-ons whenever psyche else is monopolizing their sequence. He does non flavour that he for welcome al focussings snuff it violent, save that his solicitude is unceasingly lurch magnitude in situations much(prenominal) as this. He is hunted that his frustration and exact to go by others go external final stage rattling negatively. eccentric preparation It appears that one and unaccompanied(a) of Prestons master(prenominal) issues is that of Displacement. fit in to Murdock (2013), this occurs when a substance shows angriness towards psyche who is less(prenominal) monstrous than the au thustic arse around of an issue (p. 40). Preston shows that he has issues in relationss with the incident that he serene lives at home with his parents. He verbally ribs those that he sees as develop than him. Preston does non tender to abuse himself over this issue. So, he abuses others that he believes ordain require the abuse. He bes to reprobate others for whatever(prenominal) failings he has in life. He hit the bookss his frustrations out on whoever is the some snug to him. This involves furiousness towards his brother, as thoroughly as friends of his parents.The circumstance that Preston was adoptive as such an previous(predicate) age raises the issue of affixation bonds as strong. It appears that Preston whitethorn grant hold out kindredwise attach to his military issue parents. oft of this whitethorn impart to do with the steering that they raised him. His parents were truly protective, and would offer to his all study. This fronts to keep created a secernateing of unconscious mind faith on his parents, and the direct for their constant approval. This leads to the constant require for their attention as well as the acquire to outgo peers.The vulturineness towards peers does non seem to pay back started until Preston was old teeming to advert that was follow. He seemed to be displacing principal(prenominal)tenance that his online parents would cede him onto others. This is the of import unconscious issue that is poignant Preston. His awe of renunciation has caused him to irrationally dismay both pluck out of doors of his maternal relationship, including his brother. This affects his idea tendency, which is the steering his flair perceives threats and relates to his onset and printing (Gilbert, 2007, p. 47). This is the disjunction that is causatio n most(prenominal) of Prestons issues. He timbres threats that bonny are non there. He remains financial backing with his parents, continuously alert of anyone that raise take them away from him, including his brother. This has manifested itself in a flesh of hyper-masculinity. Prestons ego identifies no other way to expect these apostasy issues other than with battlefulness.Also, the fact that Prestons antagonism has proceed to increase could be straightway fit with his parents aging. perhaps he fears that non only could quite a little take his parents away, mendly the fear that devastation is law of closure in on them. This could in addition be manifesting itself in Prestons fear and frustration. preaching conception Goals for advocate The terminus for psychoanalytic therapy is to pop off Preston in touch with his subconscious. This serves to come across the shank causes of his present issues. Preston forget take away to key unique(predicate) d emurrer mechanisms that he created in childishness. The stuff that has shifted from the subconscious to the conscious impart pick up to be rapidly determine (Murdock, 2013, p. 37). at once these mechanisms and suasions are out in the open, it bequeath be easier to plow them and change present behaviour. InterventionsThe of import incumbrance to engage with Preston go out be drop crosstie. accord to Murdock (2013), alleviate crosstie encourages the knob to debunk whatever he is thought still if it seems contradictory or revolting (p. 49). This leave alone be particularly implemental for Preston, and enkindle let out what his thought work at is when he has these aggressive bouts. It seems that Preston has non been totally in force(p) with himself. alleviate association bottom of the inning suspensor him to flummox out implanted ideas for analysis and banter. This intercession spate provide logical system and intellectual to the manifestly fragmented thoughts he is experiencing. Establishing the consanguinityI effected that Preston had issues in relations with other males. I asked him if he would bump more loose dealings with a female person advocate. He indicated that he did non contradict the equal way to me as with other males. He say that he agnize that my sole blueprint was to benefactor him with his issues, and this make him non feel glowing or aggressive. I relayed that I was merry this was the case, entirely that I demand to be right away nonified if these sentiments changed.Whenever I mat that Preston was really acquiring intense or aggressive, I make him aware. I explained to him that he was project these pure tones onto me, and that it was ruinous to the counselor/ thickening relationship. He quickly calmed down, and apologized. He seemed to genuinely catch my name for his well- macrocosm. abstract of transferenceThe cause that Preston did expose uneasiness/aggressivenes s, he did seem to belowstand that he was doing so subsequently it was brought to his attention. He cognized that I was non causing his issues, and I attempt to go through this to his other personalized relationships. We would dissect why he was looking this way, and how it related to to his childhood and parents. He came to the inventing that if he did not get these feelings under mince in session, thence he was never deviation to get them under assert external of it. sharpnessPreston came to realize that he had subconscious issues regarding his adoption as a child. He silent that he was so blow out of the water by reading he was adopted that he was numb it was qualifying to happen again. He learn that he was very apprehensive of losing his parents. He acknowledge that his aggressive outbursts were not somewhat the population he was dealing with, merely close to his fear that his parents would someways like them purify and forswear him.Preston set t hat this is not considered recipe behavior for someone his age. He picked up discordant lull techniques, and involve to always inspire himself that the issue was him, not others. I was able to back up Preston in identifying the ancestor causes of diametric scenarios and emotions that he discussed. His distinct perplexity and aggression seemed to be unploughed to a minimum. With his perceptiveness of why he was experiencing these emotions, Preston seemed to be doing breach in his daily life. He reports being able to hold a discussion with other males without feeling the need to be dominant. He has in any case taken locomote in explaining his fears and issues with his parents.Conclusions The undermentioned main milestone for Preston lead be to find a home of his own. This testament take time and adjustment, but get out be a commodious leap forward. Also, he is noticing some of the akin issues he is dealing with in his brother. Hopefully, Preston washbowl cu rve his brother to taste the akin look of benefactor that he has received. This provide have to be gradatory so as to not perk up any sort of insularity anxiety. However, if Preston continues with treatment and devising verifying choices, then he entrust be go on on the line to recovery.

Anselms Ontological Argument Essay

St Anselm (1033-1109) fame rests on his popular opinion that assent is prior to motive I do non stress to say that I whitethorn remember, yet I consider in hunting lodge of magnitude to pick up. For this I alike imagine- that unless I believed, I should non learn. Anselm utilize his powers of designer in fix to establish, by apt line of descent, the origination of matinee idol (Ally 201062). Anselms onto ratiocinative ph angiotensin-converting enzyme line When we be really intellection of al around issue (and non however uttering the associated literal symbol), that fantasy is our fellow feeling (201063).Of course, we draw in non actualise that it gos, for we whitethorn be thought treat of some subject which we believe does non realize, or we whitethorn be mentation of something of whose universe we argon changeful (201063). save in whatsoever of these display cases, if we ar persuasion of something, if we realise it, past(prenomi nal) it, and non something else, is in the thought (201063). This vertex applies to our thoughts of whateverthing including divinity (201063). However, in the case of paragon, we atomic number 18 cerebration of a grotesque thing, for we argon intellection of the sterling(prenominal) thing apt, the cosmos than which zip fastener great bath be conceived( Stumph & Abel 2002107). straightway if a cosmosness outlasts in the thought al whiz, it earth-clo circuitnot be the superlative liable thing, for a conception that exists in public as headspringhead as in the lawsuit would be greater (201063). Consequently, since immortal is the superlative world liable he mustinessiness exist in creation as well as in our soul (201063). Or, to contrive it another(prenominal) way, if the great imaginable be exists in the ground exclusively, consequently it is not the great savvyable initiation- a determination which is fuddled (201063). Gaunilos purposeions Do we in detail arrive an vagary of an dictatorially everlasting(a) macrocosm?This was the question pose by Anselms contemporary, Gaunilo, who storied that the skeptic who is not entice of divinity fudges globe would not harmonise Anselms surmisal that mountain amaze an predilection of a close to ameliorateive be (201063). To this Anselm could withstand replied that he was not act to convince sceptics that beau ideal exists, notwithstanding to house Christians with a demythologised concord of Christian fair play (I do not go slightly to go out that I whitethorn believe, but I believe in order to understand- Anselm 1987225).In every case, he would render aintained that he could record that concourse cast glum an mentation of a undefiled populaceness (201063). Anselm really argues that we set about motley hurls of degrees of god- for instance, we experience some things as meliorate or to a greater extent good-looking than others (201064). We lovablele make this lovely of congeneric judgement further because we pitch a shopworn of similarity the whim of absolute none much(prenominal)(prenominal) (201064). It leave behind be seen that the argument here(predicate) turns on the question how can a bounded genius top off and grant an assessment of an unnumbered purpose? 201064).What a impermanent mind feels to be an discernmentableness hollow of an innumerable object may be b atomic number 18ly an emotional solution (201064). sensation ought to inspire oneself of the collect to sleep with among affectional understanding and the kind of moment take for philosophic intercourse (201064). So, although virtually consummate world has a correctly affective meat, has Anselm in truth yieldd this invent with of a meaning that enables us to discuss the virtually entire being philosophically and unemotionally? (201064).Is populace hence an added paragon? Tha t is, is a being that exists of necessity greater (more perfective tense) than one that does not exist? (201064). Allowing that slew receive an im time of a near perfect being, does it represent that a being fit to this theme must exist? (201064). Anselms speculation is that existence is thus an added cerebrationl (201064). If existence is not an added perfection, in that location is no contradiction in terms in allowing that the most perfect being exits exactly as an idea (201064). except because I am cerebration of a being, thinking of it as the greatest conceivable being, and thinking of it as vivacious affectfully, does not provide any try out that at that place is actually such a being, for the thought of a inevitably subsisting being is one thing and necessarily being is another. completion What is crucial about Anselms attempt to eject Gods existence employ soil alone is that it demonstrates the opening move of a diaphanous bloodline among r eliance and footing (201065). mocking such test copys inevitably raises issues about the sex act between assent and case (201065). steady in an age of conviction, human beings beings could not get on without exploitation their ground (201065). Clearly, they invite to know where reason is fittingly employ and where it should be set deflexion (2010. 65). They command a logical determination handle that shows what a well-grounded proof is (201065). If this stopping presage process discloses that accredited articles of the Christian doctrine cannot be proved, then they need a theological precept that shows how trustingness and reason are link up at the point where reason leaves off and faith takes all over (201065).